<p>The Bossons Glacier is one of the larger glaciers of the Mont Blanc massif of the Alps, found in the Chamonix valley of Haute-Savoie département, south-eastern France. It is fed from icefields lying on the northern side of Mont Blanc, and descends down close to the Aiguille du Midi and ends on the southern side of the Arve valley, close to the town of Chamonix.</p><br>
<p>It has the largest altitudinal drop of all the alpine glaciers in Europe, and formerly extended much further down the valley than it does today.</p><br>
<p>It is now approximately 7.5 km long, with a surface area of approximately 10 kmm².</p><br>
<p>In the 17th century the Bossons glacier extended right down into Chamonix, reaching the settlement of Le Fouly, engulfing farmland, barns and houses. Local bishops were called upon to exorcise the demons within the glacier. In 1777 the traveller and correspondent, William Coxe, observed in his letters that "we mounted by the side of the glacier of Bosson, to les Murailles de Glace, so called from their resemblance to walls: they form the large ranges of ice of prodigious thickness and solidity, rising abruptly and parallel to each other. Some of these ranges appeared about a hundred feet high. Near them were pyramids and cone of ice of all forms and sizes, shooting to a very considerable height, in the most beautiful and fantastic shapes." He then noted that, on his return in 1785, "these murailles de glace no longer existed".</p><br>
<p>By around 1784 the glacier had started to retreat, although there was a renewed surge around 1815 and the frightened community erected a cross in front of its snout, which served as a marker for glacial retreat for the next 100 years.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 the snout of the glacier was still reaching down into the valley bottom at an altitude of 1,050 metres above sea level.</p><br>
<p>By 1980 the snout only reached down to about 1,200 metres, and by 2008 it had melted backwards even further backwards, ended at around 1,400 metres, albeit still well below the treeline. A series of paintings from the early 19th century and modern day photographs reveal the extent of the glacier&#39;s recession as the climate has warmed, as well as revealing evidence of glacial moraines showing its past extent down to the valley bottom.</p><br>
<p>The East Branch of the Pemigewasset River is a 15.8 mi river located in the White Mountains of New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Pemigewasset River, part of the Merrimack River watershed.</p><br>
<p>The East Branch is a longer and larger river than the river that it flows into, but it is named a branch of the main stem because its source lies deep in the Pemigewasset Wilderness of the White Mountains, while the main Pemigewasset River flows directly from Franconia Notch, a major pass through the mountains. The East Branch begins in the locality known as Stillwater, in a wide valley north of Mount Carrigain and Mount Hancock, where several large brooks converge. The river flows west and southwest through the heart of the Pemigewasset Wilderness, picking up tributaries such as the North Fork of the Pemigewasset and Franconia Branch before reaching, at the Lincoln Woods Visitor Center, the Kancamagus Highway stretch of New Hampshire Route 112.</p><br>
<p>Now into developed areas, the East Branch meets the Hancock Branch coming from the southeast and flows past the Loon Mountain ski area to the village of Lincoln, New Hampshire. The river crosses into Woodstock and ends at the Pemigewasset River just downstream from the Interstate 93 highway bridges.</p><br>
<p>The Mad River is a 17.9 mi river located in the White Mountains of New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Pemigewasset River, part of the Merrimack River watershed.</p><br>
<p>The Mad River begins at the Greeley Ponds in Mad River Notch, a gap between Mount Osceola to the west and Mount Kancamagus to the east, in the township of Livermore, New Hampshire. The river descends to the south, followed by the Greeley Pond Trail, to the town of Waterville Valley, where the West Branch enters.</p><br>
<p>After winding through the Waterville Valley Resort community, the Mad River proceeds southwest over continuous boulder-strewn rapids into a corner of the town of Thornton, eventually settling out in Campton Pond in the town of Campton. Passing over a small hydroelectric dam at Campton Upper Village, the river descends over some small waterfalls and enters the floodplain of the Pemigewasset River, which it joins near Interstate 93.</p><br>
<p>For most of the river&#39;s length below Waterville Valley, it is paralleled by New Hampshire Route 49.</p><br>
<p>The Blackwater River is a 37.5 mi river located in central New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Contoocook River, part of the Merrimack River watershed.</p><br>
<p>The Blackwater River is formed at Cilleyville, a village in the western part of the town of Andover, by the junction of two branch streams that lack official names on current maps. The western branch begins at the outlet of Pleasant Lake in New London and flows east through Chase and Tannery ponds in Wilmot Flat. The northern stream branch begins at the outlet of Eagle Pond in Wilmot and flows south past West Andover and through Bog Pond, joining the outlet of Pleasant Lake just south of the outlet of Bog Pond. Kimpton Brook (formerly known as Quickwater Brook), flowing easterly through the village of Wilmot Center, is the primary tributary of Eagle Pond.</p><br>
<p>From its start at Cilleyville, the Blackwater River flows east through the town of Andover, passing the village of Potter Place. Beyond Andover village, the river continues to wind its way east, eventually turning south near the Blackwater Bays and dropping over rapids through the village of West Salisbury to the impoundment area of the Blackwater Dam in the town of Webster. Below the reservoir dam, the Blackwater encounters a short, intense whitewater stretch before flattening again for the final miles to the Contoocook in Hopkinton.</p><br>
<p>The Smith River is a 25.0 mi river located in central New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Pemigewasset River, part of the Merrimack River watershed.</p><br>
<p>The Smith River begins at the outlet of Tewksbury Pond in Grafton, New Hampshire. The river flows southwest and then southeast through Grafton, passing through Kilton Pond. Continuing through Danbury, the river remains generally flat until shortly before reaching the Alexandria-Hill town line, where it enters a narrow valley and produces several miles of whitewater. Passing under the New Hampshire Route 3A bridge at the Bristol-Hill town line, the Smith River drops over Profile Falls and arrives at the Pemigewasset River.</p><br>
<p>U.S. Route 4 follow the Smith River from its source to Danbury. NH-104 follows the river from Danbury to the east side of Alexandria.</p><br>
<p>The Beebe River is a 16.7 mi river located in the White Mountains of New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Pemigewasset River, part of the Merrimack River watershed.</p><br>
<p>The Beebe River begins at Black Mountain Pond on the southern slopes of Sandwich Mountain, a 3,993 ft summit in the southern White Mountains, in the town of Sandwich. The river drops off the mountain to the south, then turns west to travel through Sandwich Notch, staying in a wooded valley and entering the town of Campton. The valley broadens as the river approaches the village of Campton Hollow, where the river reaches New Hampshire Route 175 and drops over some small waterfalls. The river passes by the old industrial community of Beebe River and reaches the Pemigewasset River next to Interstate 93.</p><br>
<p>Pedra da Gávea is a monolithic mountain in Tijuca Forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Composed of granite and gneiss, its elevation is 844 m, making it one of the highest mountains in the world that ends directly in the ocean. Trails on the mountain were opened up by the local farming population in the early 1800s; today, the site is under the administration of the Tijuca National Park.</p><br>
<p>The mountains name translates as Rock of the Topsail, and was given to it during the expedition of Captain Gaspar de Lemos, begun in 1501, and in which the Rio de Janeiro bay (today Guanabara Bay, but after which the city was named) also received its name. The mountain, one of the first in Brazil to be named in Portuguese, was named by the expeditions sailors, who compared its silhouette to that of the shape of a topsail of a carrack upon sighting it on January 1, 1502. That name in turn came to be given to the Gávea area of the city of Rio de Janeiro.</p><br>
<p>Differential weathering on one side of the rock has created what is described as a stylized human face. Markings on another face of the rock have been described as an inscription. Geologists and scientists are nearly in agreement that the "inscription" is the result of erosion and that the "face" is a product of pareidolia. Furthermore, the consensus of archaeologists and scholars in Brazil is that the mountain should not be viewed as an archaeological site.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and ecology</h2><br>
<p>Located in the Tijuca Range, Pedra da Gávea is 842 m (2,762 ft) tall, and is a granite dome. The flat top of the mountain is capped with a 150 m tall layer of granite, whereas underneath, the mound is made up of gneiss. The former dates to around 450 million years ago, whereas the latter dates to 600 million years. The mountain, much like other stone outcroppings in and around the area, is the result of younger Neoproterozoic granitoid rocks and thin Cretaceous diabase dikes intruding the older Meso-Neoproterozoic high-grade metasedimentary rocks.</p><br>
<p>The contact zone between the upper granite and the lower gneiss is both sub-horizontal and semi-gradual, and the gneissic xenoliths have a tabular form, which heavily suggests that they were captured from a magma chamber’s floor by thermal detachment. It has been suggested that Pedra da Gávea "correspond to the bottom of a granitic magma chamber and the original thickness of the granitic body was much larger than the present exposure."</p><br>
<p>Differential weathering incised the northern side of the mountain, producing cavities underneath the granite dome. The abrupt dome itself is the result of the more durable granite having resisted the aforementioned weathering more so than the softer gneiss.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is covered in lemon, orange, breadfruit, banana, and papaya trees, as well as cannas and roses.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological interest</h2><br>
<p>There is a purported inscription carved into the rockface, which some claim is in Phoenician, a Semitic language known to modern scholars only from inscriptions. According to Paul Herrmann in his book Conquests by Man, the inscription on the mountain had been known for quite some time, but had merely been attributed to "some unknown prehistoric American people". Today, however, most researchers suggest that the inscription and "face" are merely the results of erosion. In the mid-1950s, the Brazilian Ministry of Education and Health denied that the site featured any writing, declaring "that examination by geologists had proved it to be nothing more than the effect of weather erosion which happened to look like an inscription." Brazilian archaeologists and scholars have adopted a negative attitude toward the treatment of the site, with Herrmann noting that "Brazilian archaeology denies altogether the existence of Phoenician inscription in any part of the country whatsoever."</p><br>
<p>IJburg is a residential neighbourhood under construction in the east of Amsterdam, Netherlands. It is situated in the IJmeer and is being built on artificial islands which have been raised from the lake. It is part of the borough of Amsterdam-Oost.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1965, the architects Johannes Hendrik "Jo" van den Broek and Jacob Berend (Jaap) Bakema designed the Pampus Plan for a town in the IJ Lake which was to house 350,000 residents, most of whom were to come from Amsterdam. However, in national plans, another strategy was chosen, forcing people from Amsterdam to move to expanding towns in the area such as Purmerend, Hoorn, and the new town of Almere. As well as this, the Bijlmermeer was constructed to the south of the city and Diemen was expanded.</p><br>
<p>The 1980s saw a change of policy and construction sites nearer to the city were sought. As Amsterdam is located between Schiphol and nature reserves such as the Bovenkerkerpolder and Landelijk Noord, the only possible location became Nieuw-Oost (New East).</p><br>
<p>The Amsterdam city council decided to build the neighbourhood in 1996. Opponents of the plan called for a referendum as there were objections to possible negative effects for the nature of the IJ Lake. This referendum was held 19 March 1997. Although a majority of voters were against the construction, an insufficient number of votes was cast and construction could therefore be started.</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>IJburg consists of 6 artificial islands built in the IJ Lake. They are Steigereiland (Jetty island), Haveneiland West & East (Harbour island), and the 3 Rieteilanden (Reed islands), Large, Small, and East. The construction of, and building on, these six islands formed Phase 1.</p><br>
<p>Four more islands are planned to be constructed in the future. These islands will be called Centrumeiland (Centre island), Middeneiland (Middle island), Strandeiland (Beach island), and Buiteneiland (Outer island). The plans call for a total of ten islands to be constructed, but construction of these has been delayed by a Superior Administrative Court decision to annul the building permit of Phase 2 due to lack of consideration for the local environment.</p><br>
<p>The main thoroughfare is IJburglaan (IJburg Avenue), which connects the islands. There is also a tram line connecting the islands to the city and Amsterdam Centraal Station (Route 26, Amsterdam&#39;s most modern tram line, and the only one to allow non-folding bicycles on board).</p><br>
<h2>Residents</h2><br>
<p>The first residents moved into their houses on Rieteiland in November 2002. Since then, people have moved into houses and flats on both Haveneiland and Steigereiland. Due to a slow take-up of properties, the construction of phase 1 was delayed for some years meaning that IJburg was not finished in 2012 as planned. In 2014 a new phase in construction began, new groups of houses were built on Rieteiland and the north-east part of the Haveneiland island is being extended to accommodate a series new buildings as well as a new beach.</p><br>
<p>When complete, the neighbourhood will have 18,000 homes for 45,000 residents and should also include employment for 12,000 people. As well as homes, schools, and shops; leisure centres, restaurants, a beach, and a cemetery are planned.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges</h2><br>
<p>IJburg is in the IJ Lake, and therefore, many bridges are necessary. The first bridge to be built, the Enneus Heerma Bridge (bridge 2001), connects Zeeburgereiland with Steigereiland. This bridge is the main route to IJburg and is also used by the tram. The bridge, designed by the English architect Nicholas Grimshaw was built in 2000 and, with two spans of 75 metres, is one of the biggest bridges in Amsterdam.</p><br>
<p>Bridge 2002 was designed by the same architect and is a smaller version of bridge 2001. This bridge connects Steigereiland to Haveneiland. The tram also uses this bridge.</p><br>
<p>IJburgs pedestrians and cyclists also have their own bridge connecting them to the Ooster Ringdijk and Watergraafsmeer, in the form of the Nescio Bridge, whose southern end terminates in an expansive spiral cycle ramp. It is named after the writer Frits Grönloh, whose pen name was Nescio (Latin for "I dont know").</p><br>
<p>Perseverance Hall No. 4 is a historic building within the New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. Originally a Masonic lodge, it was built between 1819 and 1820, making it the oldest Masonic temple in Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>Its historic significance is based on its use for dances, where black jazz performers and bands reportedly played for black or white audiences. Various organizations, both black and white, rented Perseverance Hall for dances, concerts, Monday night banquets, and recitals. The building was used by multiple masonic lodges, mainly Persévérance no. 4 (FR), but also l&#39;Etoile Polaire no. 1 (FR), Germania Lodge no. 46 (AASR), Amor Fraternal no. 4 (AASR), Trinosophes no. 1 (AASR), Perfect Union no. 1 (YR).</p><br>
<p>During the early 20th century, some bands, such as the Golden Rule Band, were barred from appearing at Perseverance Hall, apparently because management considered them too undignified for the place. The building also served as a terminal point for Labor Day parades involving white and black bands. During the 1920s and 1930s, well past the formative years of jazz, various jazz bands played there.</p><br>
<p>Perseverance Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 2, 1973.</p><br>
<p>Hat Island is a small island on the eastern edge of the Beaver Island archipelago in Lake Michigan. It is about 10 acres  in size and located in eastern St. James Township, Charlevoix County, Michigan. It became part of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge in 1943.</p><br>
<p>Like other islands in the Michigan Islands NWR, Hat Island was formed during the Wisconsin glaciation when a melting glacier randomly dumped a large quantity of boulders and gravel in a spot that became part of the lakebed. The island was selected for inclusion in the Michigan Islands NMWR because of its standing as a potential breeding ground for herring gulls and other fish-eating birds.</p><br>
<p>During World War 2 it was used as a practice bombing site by the US Navy.</p><br>
<p>Hat Island is roughly four-sided, with an SSE-pointing forepeak that is said to look like the upturned brim of a hat.</p><br>
<p>Tancheon, a tributary of Seoul&#39;s Han River, is a stream beginning in the city of Yongin in Gyeonggi-do and flowing through Seongnam and then between the districts of Songpa-gu and Gangnam-gu in Seoul before entering flowing into the Han River. It has a total length of 35.6 kilometres.</p><br>
<p>Winding through the district of Bundang, the stream is one of the widely recognised symbols of the borough. All streams in the Bundang area flow towards the Tancheon. The area also serves as a large park and there are paths for both walkers and cyclists on each bank with occasional foot bridges joining the two sides in addition to the bridges built for vehicle traffic. Along the paths there are many benches as well as exercise equipment. The whole area is extremely popular among local residents.</p><br>
<p>The stream empties into the Han River by the Olympic Stadium in Seoul.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Tancheon has been known by many other names, such as Geomcheon (검천, 儉川), Heomcheon (험천, 險川), Meonae (머내), Cheonhocheon (천호천, 穿呼川), and Jancheon (잔천, 鵲川). The word Tancheon (탄천, 炭川) itself is composed of the Chinese characters for charcoal and stream, so a direct translation would be Charcoal Stream. In pure Korean it would be pronounced Sunnae (숯내-&gt;순내), another name for the stream that has gone by. The origins of this name can be found in Korean folklore, as is explained below.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that his long life came from picking and eating peaches at the stream of Seo Wang-mo (서왕모, 西王母), the goddess of immortality. For this, he became blessed with unnaturally long life. Some say, however, that his living 3,000 lifetimes was an exaggeration caused by the slip of a brushstroke and that he may have actually only lived 30 lifetimes. At one point, the Chinese characters for thirty (三十) may have accidentally come to be read as three thousand (三千), by someone adding one extra stroke to the top of ten.</p><br>
<p>Nevertheless, Dong Bangsak, with his long life, proved to be an irritation to the spiritual world. In the eyes of many spirits from the underworld, he had cheated death once too many times. So eager were they to catch him, and bring his soul with them to the afterlife, that they searched everywhere for him. However, as he was quick of wit and a man of immeasurably great wisdom, their efforts were always in vain. In fact, on many occasions he would even receive the spirits who managed to track him down as guests in his home. After a short period of entertaining them, he was able to send them on their way without even so much as a struggle. So skilled was he at persuasion, that in no time he had the spirits believing they had mistaken him for someone else. They would then go off again searching, never the wiser as to this man’s true identity.</p><br>
<p>One spirit, who was determined to be fooled no longer, thought about the problem seriously. After deep contemplation, he came up with a cunning plan that would surely allow him to capture Dong Bangsak once and for all. As it happened, Dong Bangsak was one day passing over the Tancheon. There, he came upon someone washing clothes in the stream water with a piece of charcoal. It was the spirit disguised as a human. Unable to resist this unusual sight, Dong Bang-sak asked, “Why are you using that charcoal to wash your clothes?”</p><br>
<p>The spirit replied, “Because charcoal gets them whiter, of course!”</p><br>
<p>Upon hearing this, Dong Bangsak burst out into a ferocious laughter and said, “Ha! My boy, I have lived 180 millennia, but never have I heard of someone making clothes whiter by washing them with charcoal!”</p><br>
<p>With this slip of the tongue, the illusive Dong Bangsak had given himself away. The spirit at once knew that he had at long last found the man whom he had been looking for. He then quickly apprehended Dong Bangsak and took him to the underworld, bringing to a close the life of this long lived man of wit and deception. From this, though, we have the name for this well-known stream, the Tancheon: The Stream of Charcoal.</p><br>
<h2>Water parks</h2><br>
<p>Along the approximately 25-kilometre stretch of the Tancheon that passes through Seongnam, there are five water parks open to the public. They are free of charge and popular with families with young children. The Tancheon water parks (탄천 물놀이장) are open every year from July 1 to August 31, from 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. At the parks there are changing rooms available as well as lots of chairs and picnic tables. They can be found at:</p><br>
<p>Yatap-dong, in front of Manna Church (만나 교회앞)</p><br>
<p>Jeongja-dong, in front of Singi Elementary School (신기 초등학교앞)</p><br>
<p>Geumgok-dong, in front of Bulgok Middle School (불곡 중학교앞)</p><br>
<p>Imae-dong, by the Unjung Stream footpath (운중천)</p><br>
<p>Behind the Bundang district office (분당구청뒤)</p><br>
<h2>Strategic Importance</h2><br>
<p>As with the Subway Bundang Line, Tancheon is a strategic lifeline for commuters who work to Seoul. The bicycle path is linked with the Han river, and due to its connection with Seoul Airbase, it was designed to make jeeps and motorcycles accessible in the event of war.</p><br>
<h2>Photographs</h2><br>
<p>These photographs are in order from south to north, i.e. from source to mouth.</p><br>
<p>Agnes Mountain is a dramatic, but relatively unknown, peak in the North Cascades of the US state of Washington. It is not of regionally high elevation, but it rises steeply from low footings; Beckey calls it "an immense Matterhorn-shaped massif." For example, its north face drops 1,800 ft from the summit to Agnes Creek in only 1.5 mi.</p><br>
<p>Agnes Mountain was climbed first in 1936, by W. Ronald Frazier and Dan OBrien. They ascended from the West Fork of Agnes Creek. The second ascent was not until 1969. The recommended route in Beckeys guide first follows the Northeast Ridge of nearby Asa Peak, then traverses to the south ridge of Agnes, which involves some short technical sections (up to ).</p><br>
<p>Due to its location deep in the North Cascades, its difficult approaches, and the fact that it is not particularly high, Agnes is seldom climbed. Beckey notes that "only fourteen parties succeeded by 1987."</p><br>
<p>Johannesburg Mountain is one of the most famous peaks in the North Cascades of Washington state. Though not one of the top 100 peaks in the state by elevation, nor one of the top peaks as ranked by topographic prominence, Johannesburg is notable for its large, steep local relief, and particularly its immense, dramatic Northeast Face, which drops 5,000 feet  in only 0.9 mi.</p><br>
<p>The name "Johannesburg Mountain" comes, through an error, from "Johnsberg," the name of three mining claims on the north face of the peak. It has also been called "Elsbeth."</p><br>
<p>Johannesburg Mountain was first climbed on July 26, 1938 by Calder Bressler, Bill Cox, Ralph Clough, and Tom Myers, via a version of the most popular route today, the East Ridge/Cascade-Johannesburg Couloir Route. This route, and others which also finish on the south side of the mountain, are mostly scrambling routes. However, there are many routes on the north and northeast faces which are highly technical and involve considerable objective danger from falling rock and ice.</p><br>
<p>Heritage Hall is the oldest building on the campus of Valparaiso University in the USA state of Indiana. Built in 1875 by John Flint, it was used as a residence hall for men. In 1878, a fire destroyed the third floor. The building was later purchased by Richard Aaron Heritage, remodeled into a two-story school of music, At different times throughout its history, Heritage Hall underwent renovations. It was used as a dormitory, a barracks , a machinery classroom, and finally a library when Valparaiso University was bought by the Lutheran University Association in 1925. In 1959, the new Moellering Library had been completed and the building was converted to classrooms and offices. Heritage Hall was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Today, Heritage Hall is part of the Valparaiso University School of Law and houses the Valparaiso University Law Clinic, which provides free legal services to qualifying members of the community. In 2006, the then-Dean of Valparaiso University School of Law, Jay Conison, announced that the addition attached to Heritage Hall, formerly the University Mail Center, would be demolished during the summer of 2009. A new addition to Heritage Hall, known as the Lawyering Skills Center, was built in its place. The University&#39;s Law Clinic will operate from this new facility, and the building will host other activities focused upon practical skill-building for law students. The construction of this new building was made possible by a $4 million donation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Heritage Hall was a boarding dormitory on College Avenue in 1875. It was a three-story structure built of brick. Heritage Hall was Italianate in design, with a bracketed French Mansard roof and prominent dormers. The third floor was destroyed by fire in 1879. A flat sloping roof was installed, leaving the structure with only two floors. The new roof-line was concealed by extending the outer walls up to create a parapet on three sides. The original chimneys were extended above the parapet line. On the College Avenue side, the parapet was decorated with a brick patterned frieze.</p><br>
<p>The exterior walls are arranged in a series of two-story bays, each with a tall arched window for each floor, with the substitution of a doorway in five of the bays on the first floor. The three center bays on the front and back project from the main structure. Separating the bays are brick buttresses with chimney traces. Above the second floor windows, the walls of the bays extend out to the face of the parapet, which is flush with the buttresses. The whole structure rests on a low, masonry pedestal which marks the line of the first floor. The pattern of window repetition on the College Avenue side is broken by the arched, double doorway in the center of the building. Originally decorated by a simple masonry arch like the windows that surround it, the central doorway was remodeled with a Georgian styled frame and lintel in 1939. Two wings were added to the back of the building in the twentieth century. The first, a wood-framed barracks, was added for the use of soldiers during the First World War. The barracks continued in use after the war, and in 1925, Heritage Hall was used as the University Library. The wood addition was used as the stacks and were expanded in 1946, with a cement block and brick addition. The library was transferred in 1959 and Heritage was to accommodate offices and classrooms. The deteriorated chimneys were removed. The exterior brickwork was sandblasted and repaired. Heritage Hall, named for Professor Richard Heritage of the music department, was originally known as Flint Hall. John Flint was a local landowner and the builder of the dormitory. In the over one-hundred-year history of the building, it has also served as the shop and classroom for a federal program of veteran rehabilitation after World War I, and from 1925 to 1959 it housed the University Library. At present it accommodates offices for administrative and faculty personnel.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The structure has bridged several eras in the history of a school that was founded in 1859 as the Valparaiso Male and Female Academy, one of the first coeducational institutions in the United States. It was in 1873 that the school, as the Northern Indiana Normal School, "Mr. Brown&#39;s School," began to flourish and achieve a national reputation. It was renamed Valparaiso College in 1900 and rechartered as Valparaiso University in 1907. The building of a dormitory reflected the growing success of President Henry Baker Brown who had brought to American higher education a philosophy that emphasized the offering of practical training to meet the wants of students and the making of such an education, vocational as well as liberal arts, available at a cost which reflected a democratic view. With a faculty that was thorough, and with a student life which emphasized character development, this practical approach to curriculum, offered at the low cost of $8.00 a term, soon attracted an enrollment that was second only to that of Harvard University. The most famous resident of Heritage Hall was George W. Norris, who served as United States Senator from Nebraska 1913 to 1943. Mr. Norris remembered the dormitory as a "large three-story building, which provided furnished rooms and board for men for $1.40 a week."</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>George W. Stimpson, The Story of Valparaiso University (Chicago, 1921), p. 30.</p><br>
<p>John Strietelmeier, Valparaiso: First Century (Valparaiso, Indiana, 1959), p. 28.</p><br>
<p>Nea Kameni is a small uninhabited Greek island of volcanic origin located in the Aegean Sea within the flooded Santorini caldera. Nea Kameni and the neighbouring small island Palea  Kameni  have formed over the past two millennia by repeated eruptions of dacite lava and ash. The Roman historian Cassius Dio records in the year 47 AD "This year a small islet, hitherto unknown, made an appearance close to the island of Thera." Major eruptions over the past 300 years took place in 1707–1712, 1866–1870, 1925–1928, and 1939-1941. The last small eruption happened in 1950 and involved lava dome extrusion.</p><br>
<p>Nea Kameni is nearly round and has a diameter of approximately 2 kilometers and an area of 3.4 km. Nea Kameni is monitored closely by scientists from the Institute for the Study and Monitoring of the Santorini Volcano (ISMOSAV) and is a protected scientific site. The island has many active sulfur vents, as well as a carpet of red grassy succulents on the thin soil in the summertime.</p><br>
<p>The nearly barren island is visited daily by dozens of tourist boats throughout the summer. Visitors climb a gravel path to reach the top of the 130-meter-high volcanic crater, where it is possible to complete a full circuit of the rim.</p><br>
<p>The Piatra Craiului Mountains are a mountain range in the Southern Carpathians in Romania. In Romanian "Piatra Craiului" means "Prince&#39;s Stone".</p><br>
<p>The Piatra Craiului mountains form a narrow and saw-like ridge, which is about 25 km long. The highest elevation in the massif is the "Vârful La Om" at 2,238 m.</p><br>
<p>The ridge is regarded as one of the most beautiful sites in the Carpathians. The two-day north–south ridge trail is both challenging and rewarding. Starting at either Plaiul Foii in the north-west or Curmătura in the north-east, walkers climb up to the ridge before following a somewhat precarious path along the narrow spine. The descent at the southern end leads into a karst landscape of deep gorges and pitted slopes where water penetrating the rock has carved a series of caves.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The massif is bordered in the west by the Dâmbovița Valley which separates it from the Iezer-Păpuşa massif; in the north-west the river Bârsa and Curmătura Foii separates it from the Făgăraș Mountains and in the east the "Rucăr-Bran Passage" delimits it from the Bucegi and Leaotă mountains. The southern border is the confluence of the valleys of Dâmbovița and Dâmbovicioara rivers, in the "Podul Damboviței" depression.</p><br>
<h2>Nature protection</h2><br>
<p>The whole range is included in the national park Parcul Național Piatra Craiului (Piatra Craiului National Park).</p><br>
<p>The first protection of this area started in 1938 when 4.4 km² were declared as a "Nature Reserve". The Law 5/2000 enlarged this area to 148 km². In 2003 the external limits and internal zoning were created. Since 1999 a park administration has existed and since 2005 a management plan has been in place.</p><br>
<p>In the national park area about 300 fungi species, 220 lichen species, 100 different mosses, 1100 species of superior plants (a third of the number of all plant species found in Romania), 50 Carpathians endemic species and also two endemic species for Piatra Craiului can be found.</p><br>
<p>There are also two endemic species of spiders, 270 butterfly species, amphibians and reptiles, 110 bird species (50 listed in the Bern Convention and 6 in the Bonn Convention), 17 bat species, chamois and other large herbivores and also many large carnivores (wolves, brown bears, lynx) living in the national park.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Zărneşti is the most important town for visiting the national park. It is also an ideal starting point for approaches in the northern part of the massif. This town lies at a distance of 28 km from the city of Braşov, by road, bus or railway. From Zărnești, an 11 km long road makes the connection with the comfortable chalet "Plaiul Foii", which is a good starting point for climbing the ridge.</p><br>
<p>Also, from Zărnești a forest road starts from the south-western part of the town, leading through the Zărnești Gorges (Prăpăstiile) and further up to the ridge.</p><br>
<p>In Zărnești the office of the administration of the National Park can be found. A new visitor center has been built 1 km west of the town.</p><br>
<p>The traditional villages Măgura, Peştera, Ciocanu, and Şirnea are interesting starting points for the routes on the eastern slope and for getting in touch with the traditional Romanian way of life.</p><br>
<p>The Dragovištica or Dragovishtitsa  is a river in southeastern Serbia and western Bulgaria, a 63 km-long right tributary to the Struma River.</p><br>
<p>The river belongs to the Aegean Sea drainage basin and is not navigable.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<h3>Serbia</h3><br>
<p>The Dragovištica is formed by the confluence of the Božička reka (its longer headstream) and the Ljubatska reka at the small town of Bosilegrad in the southeastern part of Serbia, at an altitude of 787 m.</p><br>
<h4>Božička reka</h4><br>
<p>The Božička reka (Cyrillic: Божичка река) originates in the region of Krajište, between Lake Vlasina to the west and the Bulgarian border to the east, just a few kilometers from the source of another Serbian-Bulgarian river, the Jerma. However, while Jerma flows northward, the Mutnica (Cyrillic: Мутница), as the Božička reka is initially named, flows to the south, between the mountains of Vardenik (to the west) and Milevska planina (to the east). From the village of Božica on the river is known as the Božička reka ("river of Božica"). It receives the Lisina river from the right at the village of Donja Lisina and continues south to Bosilegrad, where it meets the Ljubatska reka. At Donja Lisina, the Božička reka is dammed, creating an artificial Lisina lake, used as an auxiliary reservoir for the Vrla hydro electrical power plants on the Vlasina River.</p><br>
<h4>Ljubatska reka</h4><br>
<p>The Ljubatska reka (Cyrillic: Љубатска река) also originates in the Krajište region, but from its southwestern side, from the Besna Kobila mountain near the village of Musut. The river flows through the northern slopes of the Dukat, next to the villages of Gornja Ljubata and Donja Ljubata, before it reaches Bosilegrad. This is one of the many rivers in Serbia, which is very quiet and has a beautiful tourist landscape. By Dusan Djordjevic...</p><br>
<p>The river slowly turns southeast after Bosilegrad, now flowing between the northern slopes of the Miljevska planina to the north and the Dukat mountain to the west. After it passes next to the villages of Rajčilovci, Radičevci and Resen, it receives from the right the Brankovačka reka precisely on the Serbian-Bulgarian border, and enters Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h4>Bulgaria</h4><br>
<p>Immediately after the border and the village of Dolno Uyno, the Dragovishtitsa enters the Kyustendil depression, part of the Struma river valley. The river flows through the southern slopes of the Zemenska planina mountain and through the dual village of Dragovishtitsa (consisting of two villages, Perivol on the right bank and Yamborano on the left bank of the river). Soon after, the river empties into the Struma near the villages of Razhdavitsa and Shipochano north-northeast of Kyustendil.</p><br>
<p>The Brokopondo Reservoir, officially named Professor Doctor Ingenieur W. J. van Blommestein Meer, and also called the Brokopondostuwmeer, is a large reservoir in Suriname. It is named after the Surakarta-born Dutch hydrological engineer Willem Johan van Blommestein. With a surface area of approximately 1,560 km² , depending on the current water level, it is one of the largest reservoirs in the world, flooding nearly one percent of the country.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir was created by constructing Afobaka Dam across the Suriname River between 1961 and 1964. The dam spanning the river is 54 m (177 ft) tall, and is built near the small town of Afobaka. Contrary to the reservoir&#39;s long official name, it was quickly rechristened Brokopondomeer by Dutch-speaking locals, after the town of Brokopondo two miles further downstream from where the dam was constructed. The length of the dam, including secondary dams along the margins of the reservoir, is 12 km (7.5 mi). The watershed which feeds the reservoir is 12,200 km² (4,710 mi²) in area.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir was put into service in 1965, but did not reach its optimal water level until 1971. Due to the great area of the reservoir, villages home to approximately 5,000 people had to be abandoned. The largest of these, the village of Ganzee, had approximately 2,000 residents. Most displaced residents simply founded new villages (Dutch: transmigratiedorpen) downstream from the dam, in many cases with the same names as the previously abandoned hamlets. A separate government operation, "Operation Gwamba," was conducted to save animals from the soon-to-be lake bed.</p><br>
<p>The dam was constructed in order to provide electricity to plants involved in the processing of bauxite into alumina, and later into purer aluminum metal. These plants were operated by Suralco, the Suriname Aluminum Company, which is a daughter company of Alcoa. About 75% of the dams electricity was used to power these plants, and the portion of the electricity produced by the dam was used to power Surinames capital city, Paramaribo. Other advantages of the dams construction, besides a boost to the aluminum industry, have included the development of the countrys inland areas and the surrounding forests, the pushing back of the saltwater boundary in the Suriname River, better irrigation capabilities during times of drought, an increase in tourist activity, and an increase in ease of fishing.</p><br>
<h3>Criticism</h3><br>
<p>According to the World Bank report "Good dams, bad dams" the Brokopondo dam (misnamed, actually the Afobaka Dam) flooded significantly more hectares of land per megawatt generated than any other large hydropower project analyzed.</p><br>
<p>The report notes that Brokopondo inundated roughly 160,000 hectares of biologically valuable tropical rainforest, while providing only 180 megawatts of capacity. For comparison the controversial Three Gorges Dam in China flooded 6 hectares per megawatt, providing 18,000 megawatts while flooding an area smaller than Brokopondo.</p><br>
<p>The global average for all large hydroelectric dams constructed to date is about 60 ha/MW, according to the same report.</p><br>
<h3>Harvesting of trees</h3><br>
<p>As a cost reducing measure, the trees of the area were not cut before they started to submerge. This caused problems for shipping activity in the lake. In 2002, Brokopondo Watra Wood International N.V. (BWWI) was given permission by Suralco to a start a pilot investigating the possibility to harvest the remaining trees from the lake. The idea came from the late Paramaribo entrepreneur Orlando Lee On, who read about similar harvesting efforts in the Tucuruí Lake in Brazil when on a plane to Miami. In 2004 harvesting began, which resulted in the first shipment of wood from the lake to Europe and the United States in June 2005. The Brokopondo lake wood is marketed in Germany as "Stauseeholz" (English: Reservoir wood). In November 2010, Jens Hahne filmed a documentary about the harvesting activities for the Franco-German channel Arte. This documentary was broadcast on Arte on 22 January 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Tioga River is a 12.8 mi river located in the Lakes Region of central New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Winnipesaukee River, part of the Merrimack River watershed.</p><br>
<p>The Tioga River rises on the western slopes of the Belknap Mountains in Gilmanton, New Hampshire. Flowing west, the river quickly enters the town of Belmont, where it spends most of its existence. The river passes through Badger Pond shortly before reaching the village proper of Belmont, which was sited along the Tioga River in the 19th century for its waterpower. The river continues west, reaching a broad wetland along the Belmont-Northfield town line, and ends at the Winnipesaukee River near the outlet of Silver Lake.</p><br>
<p>New Hampshire Route 140 follows the general course of the river from Belmont village to the Winnipesaukee.</p><br>
<p>The Soucook River is a 29.2 mi river located in central New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Merrimack River, which flows to the Gulf of Maine.</p><br>
<p>The Soucook River begins at the outlet of Rocky Pond on the border between the towns of Canterbury and Loudon, New Hampshire. The river flows south through gently rolling terrain, soon entering Loudon and passing near the New Hampshire International Speedway. The river passes through the village proper of Loudon, crossing a small dam, and continues south along a rapidly developing suburban corridor on the outskirts of Concord. The river forms the boundary between Concord and Pembroke and ends at the Merrimack River downstream from Garvins Falls.</p><br>
<p>There are extensive sand and gravel deposits filling the Soucook River valley, which has led to the creation of several large excavation operations close to the river. New Hampshire Route 106 parallels the river throughout its course, crossing the river four times.</p><br>
<p>The Suncook River is a 35.7 mi river located in central New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Merrimack River, which flows to the Gulf of Maine.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Suncook River begins at the outlet of Crystal Lake in the town of Gilmanton, New Hampshire. The village of Gilmanton Ironworks is located at the lake&#39;s outlet. The Suncook flows south two miles to the Suncook Lakes (Upper and Lower) in Barnstead. Below the lakes, the river passes through the village of Center Barnstead and enters the town of Pittsfield, whose village is centered on a 19th century dam on the river.</p><br>
<p>The river continues south through the towns of Chichester and Epsom, and then forms the town boundary between Pembroke and Allenstown. Shortly before reaching the Merrimack River, the Suncook drops 70 ft in 0.5 mi, a natural waterpower site that led to the growth of the village of Suncook.</p><br>
<h2>2006 Flood</h2><br>
<p>On May 16, 2006, the Suncook River, responding to the highest rainfall amounts in at least 70 years, rose to flood level and carved a new river channel in the town of Epsom. Two previous channels, around Bear Island, were left dry as the river broke into an active gravel pit half a mile to the east. The new river course, approximately a mile long, is the largest channel change in a river in New Hampshire since systematic topographic mapping began in the state in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Artistic tributes</h2><br>
<p>In 1934, the American composer Alan Hovhaness (1911–2000), who spent time with his maternal family members in Pittsfield, New Hampshire during his youth, wrote a fantasy for cello and piano entitled Legend of the Sunkook Valley (Op. 1, no. 4).</p><br>
<p>Løvstakken is one of the Seven Mountains that surround the center of the city of Bergen in Hordaland county, Norway. The 477 m tall mountain is located between the Fyllingsdalen and Bergensdalen valleys on the Bergen Peninsula. Løvstakken and the forests nearby are popular hiking areas among the locals since it is essentially located in the central area of Norway&#39;s second largest city. Gullsteinen, a large hill located south of the summit of Løvstakken, is also part of the mountain massif and borders the protected forest area of Langeskogen.</p><br>
<p>The neighbourhood of Løvstakksiden in Årstad borough, north of the summit, is named after the mountain. The neighborhood was historically a borough of Bergen, but it has more recently dissolved and its areas were merged with Årstad and Fyllingsdalen boroughs.</p><br>
<p>Crag Hill is on the western edge of the Yorkshire Dales in northern England, not to be confused with the higher Crag Hill elsewhere in the county of Cumbria. It lies on the boundary of the Yorkshire Dales national park, but its summit is in Cumbria. It is part of a ridge including the neighbouring fells of Great Coum and Gragareth. The summit of Crag Hill is about 1 km away from the top of Great Coum, the latter being the highest point on the ridge at 687 m.</p><br>
<p>All three hills may be included in a single circular walk from High Moss near Whernside on the Ingleton to Dent road. The views are extensive, with panoramas of the Yorkshire Dales, Howgill Fells, the Pennines and the Lake District beyond.</p><br>
<p>The hill is listed as one of the waypoints in the Yorkshire Dales Top Ten (YDTT). This is a long distance walking route that takes in the ten highest peaks in the Yorkshire Dales with a combined ascent of 22,000 ft.</p><br>
<p>Leamaneh Castle is a ruined castle located in the townland of Leamaneh North, parish of Kilnaboy, between the villages of Corofin and Kilfenora at the border of the region known as the Burren in County Clare, Ireland. It consists of a 15th-century tower house and a 17th-century mansion.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The castles name "Leamaneh" is believed to be derived from the Irish léim an éich which, when translated into English means "the horses leap" or léim an fheidh ("the deer&#39;s leap"). It is also sometimes spelled "Lemeneagh Castle".</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The castle is located at an important local crossroads and the place where the Baronies of Burren, Corcomroe and Inchiquin met. Today the road R476 from Kilfenora to Kilnaboy village and the R480 north to Ballyvaughan intersect there.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early structure</h3><br>
<p>The castle was originally a basic, 5-storied Irish tower house which was built circa 1480-90, probably by Toirdelbhach Donn MacTadhg Ó Briain, King of Thomond of the O&#39;Brien family, one of the last of the High Kings of Ireland and a direct descendant of Brian Boru.</p><br>
<p>In 1543, Turlogh Donn&#39;s son, Murrough surrendered his title of King to Henry VIII and was created in 1st Earl of Thomond and Baron Inchiquin. In 1550, Murrough gave Leamaneh to his third son, Donough. Donough was hanged in Limerick in 1582 as a rebel.</p><br>
<h3>Manor house</h3><br>
<p>In 1639, Donoughs grandson, Conor OBrien married Máire ní Mahon (MacMahon). She became one of the most famous women in Irish folklore who, due to her flaming red hair, was commonly known asMáire Rúa ("Red Mary"). She was born in 1615 or 1616. Her father was Sir Torlach Rúa MacMahon, Lord of Clonderlaw and her mother was Lady Mary OBrien, daughter of the third Earl of Thomond. Her first husband, Daniel ONeylan (also sometimes written ONeillan or Neylan) of Dysert ODea Castle in north Clare died young and upon his death, she gained control of his substantial estate and a £1,000 fortune. This wealth enabled her and Conor to build a more comfortable mansion on to the tower house.</p><br>
<p>Part of the tower house was demolished and replaced by a 4-storied mansion around 1648. Máire accompanied her husband on raids against English settlers. In 1651, he was mortally wounded fighting on the Royalists side at Inchicronan (Crusheen). Reportedly, immediately after her husbands death, the widow, realizing that the punishment for his rebellion against the English would be the forfeiture of their property, drove to Limerick and offered to marry any Cromwellian officer who would take her hand. (This is refuted in other versions of the story which state that Máire Rúa didnt marry until 1653, two years after Conors death.)</p><br>
<p>General Ludlow, who commanded the English Parliament forces at Inchicronan subsequently conducted counter-insurgency operations in the Burren, making his well-known statement about the area&#39;s barrenness. He went on to say about Leamaneh "and finding it indifferent strong, being built with stone and having a good wall about it, we put a garrison into it and furnished it with all things necessary".</p><br>
<p>Rúa&#39;s third husband, Cornet John Cooper was a Cromwellian soldier and through this marriage she successfully retained her estates. Cooper left the army and amassed some wealth through land and property speculation. However, he later ran into financial difficulty and, as a result, the estate which he had married into at Leamaneh, which he under law now owned through his wife, was mortgaged to repay his debts.</p><br>
<p>In the 1660s, Cromwellian troops were stationed on and off at Leamaneh. Máire Rúa&#39;s son, Donagh or Donough (after 1686 Sir Donat) found the tower and manor damaged but stayed there until 1684/1685, when he moved the family seat from Leamaneh to the much larger Dromoland Castle in Newmarket-On-Fergus, south of Ennis.</p><br>
<p>Although Máire Rúas children from her first marriage to Daniel ONeylan (or ONeillan) were raised Catholic, Sir Donagh/Donat was brought up as a Protestant and eventually became the "richest commoner in Ireland." He built "Sir Donats Road", connecting Killnaboy and Leamaneh, a toll road, the flanking stone walls of which are still visible in places. The gate houses at which tolls were collected have since been demolished.</p><br>
<p>He served as Sheriff of Clare in 1690 and as MP for Clare from 1695 to 1713. He died in 1717. By 1678, the estate had been increased to over 10,000 acres of land.</p><br>
<h3>Recent past</h3><br>
<p>Leamaneh had various occupants in subsequent years. However, the house finally fell into ruin at the end of the 18th century. The barbican-like gates which adorned the entrance to the property were moved to Dromoland Castle in 1906 or 1908 by Lord Inchiquin. They are still there.</p><br>
<p>The most elegant of the fireplaces was relocated to the "Old Ground Hotel" in Ennis.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today, the ruins include both the tower house with its arrow slits (or "loops") and the four walls of the adjoining manor house with their mullioned and transomed windows. The latter features a Trompe-l&#39;œil effect, as the windows of the upper floors are smaller, creating an illusion of greater height. Some of the remains of the outbuildings and the walled gardens/deer park can still be seen. Unlike many of the castles in Ireland, Leamaneh is unmaintained and due to its poor state of repair not accessible. It is located on privately owned land and the area is used for farming.</p><br>
<p>Rushford Lake is a small reservoir in the western part of New York, United States. The lake is in the northwest part of Allegany County, mostly in the Town of Rushford, but the eastern part of the lake is in the Town of Caneadea.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Rushford Lake is 585 acre in size and has a crescent shape. Rush Creek feeds into the south end of the lake and an outlet on the east side feeds into the Genesee River. The maximum depth is 115 ft. The lake is drawn down 40 ft each winter.</p><br>
<p>The communities of Balcom Beach (northern shore) and Hillcrest (western shore) are located near the lake. New York State Route 243 passes the northern end of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rushford Lake was formed by a dam on Caneadea Creek in 1927, The dam and resulting lake were originally owned and governed by Rochester Gas and Electric (RG&E) for the purpose to control the water level in the Genesee River. In 1981 the dam and Rushford Lake was transferred to the Rushford Lake Recreation District which manages the dam, as well as lake and shoreline use.</p><br>
<p>Rushford Lake was the setting of the 2004 movie Ghost Lake. In the film, the souls of village residents who drowned after the dam&#39;s construction return one hundred years later to avenge their death. Actual shooting took place on the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The lake is largely a recreational lake during the summer months. It is also stocked annually with brown and rainbow trout in the spring by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Bass, crappie, carp, perch, suckers, bullhead and sunfish are also part of this fishery.</p><br>
<p>The angling public has access to the lake at two points. On the north side of the lake, the Balcom Beach area provides shore fishing access and a trailered boat launch. Launching for boats engaged in fishing only is free, seven days a week. Near the dam, an area off Dam Road provides shore fishing access. Ice fishing is not allowed.</p><br>
<p>Rosewell Plantation in Gloucester County, Virginia, was for more than 100 years the home of a branch of the Page family, one of the First Families of Virginia. Begun in 1725, the Flemish bond brick Rosewell mansion overlooking the York River was one of the most elaborate homes in the American colonies. In Mansions of Virginia, the architectural historian Thomas Tileston Waterman described the plantation house as "the largest and finest of American houses of the colonial period." Through much of the 18th century and 19th centuries, and during the American Civil War, Rosewell plantation hosted the area&#39;s most elaborate formal balls and celebrations. The home burned in 1916.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building of Rosewell was begun in 1725 by Mann Page I (1691&ndash;1730). In 1718 he had married Judith Carter, the daughter of Robert "King" Carter. Educated at Eton College and Oxford University in England, Mann Page was appointed to the Governor&#39;s Council of the Virginia Colony shortly after his return to Virginia. He embarked on construction of Rosewell in 1725, but died five years later before construction was completed.</p><br>
<p>It was Pages intention to build a home that would rival or exceed the newly completed Governors Palace in Williamsburg in size and luxury. When Page died five years into construction on the home, the property passed to his wife Judith. The primary construction materials were brick, marble and mahogany, some of which was imported from England. Architectural historians believe that the 12,000 ft&sup2; house, double the size of the Governor&#39;s Palace, may have been designed by Mann Page himself. Larger than any home built in colonial Virginia, Rosewell probably owed its design to the London townhouses built to the stricter codes following the Great Fire of London.</p><br>
<p>Their son Mann Page II saw the unfinished mansion through to completion after the elder Page&#39;s early death. By then the Page family was strapped for cash due to the cost of building the great house, and Page II ultimately sold off a significant portion of his vast land holdings to fund its completion.</p><br>
<p>In 1837 the century old mansion was sold out of the Page family. Its new owner, Thomas Booth, removed the parapet and two octagonal rooftop cupolas from the house and its lead roof was stripped off and sold, as were its carved marble mantles and much of its fine interior woodwork. The flat roof was replaced with a low hip roof with a single cupola surrounded by a widow&#39;s walk. The plantation passed through several more owners before the Rosewell Mansion was destroyed by fire in 1916. Today, the remains of the house is a largely undisturbed historic ruin. The site has been the subject of archaeological work which has revealed many artifacts and shed light on some aspects of colonial life and architecture previously unclear.</p><br>
<h3>Page family of Virginia</h3><br>
<p>Governor of Virginia John Page (1743–1808) was the grandson of Rosewell&#39;s first owner, Mann Page (I). He grew up there, and was a classmate of Thomas Jefferson at the College of William and Mary in nearby Williamsburg where he graduated in 1763. John Page fought during the American Revolutionary War, attaining the rank of colonel. He also served multiple terms in the USA Congress and the Virginia General Assembly.</p><br>
<p>Other notable members of Virginias Page family include Governor Pages brother Mann Page III, his great grandfather, Colonel John Page of Jamestown and Middle Plantation, author and USA Ambassador to Italy Thomas Nelson Page, Virginian Railway builder William Nelson Page; United States Navy and Confederate States Navy Captain Thomas Jefferson Page, Confederate General Richard Lucian Page and Revolutionary War General Joseph Martin, the namesake of Martinsville, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Rosewell Mansion and part of its history were described by author James Joseph McDonald in "Life In Old Virginia" (The Old Virginia Publishing Co., Norfolk, Va., 1907) thus:</p><br>
<p>The elaborate Flemish bond brickwork, the towering three stories, and the siting of the mansion were all meant to recall elaborate London homes of the era. In that sense, Rosewell was among the most sophisticated early buildings built in America. "Rosewell was the largest and most advanced brick building in Virginia at the time," writes architectural historian Daniel Drake Reiff. "It was unique in being of London townhouse design, and it seems likely that a London bricklayer was brought over to supervise the massive undertaking and to execute the more complicated detailings in brick &ndash; like the door casings." The similarity in Flemish bond brickwork between Rosewell and Christ Church built by Page&#39;s father-in-law, Robert Carter, in Lancaster County has led some to speculate that the same masons might have worked on both.</p><br>
<p>The home was also the first in the American colonies to have a projecting central pavilion, "antedating any other by a score of years," wrote architectural historian Fiske Kimball in Domestic Architecture of the American Colonies and of the Early Republic. "At Rosewell the pavilions, front and rear, are masses deep enough to affect the spaces of the interior, but a glance at the plan reveals that they were adopted for plastic exterior effect."</p><br>
<p>As originally completed, the home boasted a flat lead roof behind a parapet atop its three stories, and twin octagonal cupolas at each end. Flanking dependencies in front of the mansion formed an elaborate forecourt. The interior was painted in high style, such that the restorers of Colonial Williamsburg relied, in part, on an order by John Page for paints from London to give a sense of the colors in the Governor&#39;s Palace at Williamsburg. In 1771 Page wrote to John Norton and Sons of London for new materials, appending these instructions: "As my house is very much out of repair, I shall be much obliged if you will send me the following articles: 100 lbs. white lead; 20 lbs. yellow ochre; a bri of oyl; 20 lbs. of Venetian Red; 2 gallons of spts of Turpentine; 5 lbs. of Red lead; 3 lbs. lamp Black; 2 lbs. of white Coperas."</p><br>
<h2>Hours</h2><br>
<p>Rosewell Plantations hours of operation are as follows:</p><br>
<p>Monday – Thursday 10am-4pm</p><br>
<p>CLOSED on Fridays</p><br>
<p>Saturday 10am-4pm</p><br>
<p>Sunday 1pm-4pm</p><br>
<p>A visitors fee of 4 dollars for adults, 2 dollars for kids (12 & under), and 3 dollars for students.</p><br>
<p>For more information call: (804)693-2585</p><br>
<p>The Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork , located in the Polish town of Malbork, is the largest castle in the world measured by land area.</p><br>
<p>It was originally built by the Teutonic Knights, a German Roman Catholic religious order of crusaders, in a form of an Ordensburg fortress. The Order named it Marienburg (Mary&#39;s Castle). The town which grew around it was also named Marienburg. In 1466, both castle and town became part of Royal Prussia, a province of Poland. It served as one of the several Polish royal residences, interrupted by several years of Swedish occupation, and fulfilling this function until Prussia claimed the castle as a result of the First Partition of Poland in 1772. Heavily damaged after World War II, the castle was renovated under the auspices of modern-day Poland in the second half of the 20th century and most recently in 2016. Nowadays, the castle hosts exhibitions and serves as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The castle is a classic example of a medieval fortress and, on its completion in 1406, was the world&#39;s largest brick castle. UNESCO designated the "Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork" and the Malbork Castle Museum a World Heritage Site in December 1997. It is one of two World Heritage Sites in the region with origins in the Teutonic Order. The other is the "Medieval Town of Toruń", founded in 1231 as the site of the castle Thorn.</p><br>
<p>Malbork Castle is also one of Poland&#39;s official national Historic Monuments (Pomnik historii), as designated September 16, 1994. Its listing is maintained by the National Heritage Board of Poland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>The castle was built by the Teutonic Order after the conquest of Old Prussia. Its main purpose was to strengthen their own control of the area following the Orders 1274 suppression of the Great Prussian Uprising of the Baltic tribes. No contemporary documents survive relating to its construction, so instead the castles phases have been worked out through the study of architecture and the Order&#39;s administrative records and later histories. The work lasted until around 1300, under the auspices of Commander Heinrich von Wilnowe. The castle is located on the southeastern bank of the river Nogat. It was named Marienburg after Mary, patron saint of the religious Order. The Order had been created in Acre (present-day Israel). When this last stronghold of the Crusades fell to Muslim Arabs, the Order moved its headquarters to Venice before arriving in Prussia.</p><br>
<p>Malbork became more important in the aftermath of the Teutonic Knights conquest of Gdańsk (Danzig) and Pomerania in 1308. The Orders administrative centre was moved to Marienburg from Elbing (now Elbląg). The Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, Siegfried von Feuchtwangen, who arrived in Marienburg from Venice, undertook the next phase of the fortress construction. In 1309, in the wake of the papal persecution of the Knights Templar and the Teutonic takeover of Danzig, Feuchtwangen relocated his headquarters to the Prussian part of the Orders monastic state. He chose the site of Marienburg conveniently located on the Nogat in the Vistula Delta. As with most cities of the time, the new centre was dependent on water for transportation.</p><br>
<p>The castle was expanded several times to house the growing number of Knights. Soon, it became the largest fortified Gothic building in Europe, on a nearly 52 acre site. The castle has several subdivisions and numerous layers of defensive walls. It consists of three separate castles - the High, Middle and Lower Castles, separated by multiple dry moats and towers. The castle once housed approximately 3,000 "brothers in arms". The outermost castle walls enclose 52 acres, four times the enclosed area of Windsor Castle. The developed part of the property designated as a World Heritage Site is 18.038 hectare.</p><br>
<p>The favourable position of the castle on the river Nogat allowed easy access by barges and trading ships arriving from the Vistula and the Baltic Sea. During their governance, the Teutonic Knights collected river tolls from passing ships, as did other castles along the rivers. They controlled a monopoly on the trade of amber. When the city became a member of the Hanseatic League, many Hanseatic meetings were held there.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 1410, the castle was besieged following the Order&#39;s defeat by the armies of Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas the Great (Witold) at the Battle of Grunwald. Heinrich von Plauen successfully led the defence in the Siege of Marienburg (1410), during which the city outside was razed.</p><br>
<p>In 1456, during the Thirteen Years War, the Order – facing opposition from its cities for raising taxes to pay ransoms for expenses associated with its wars against Kingdom of Poland – could no longer manage financially. Meanwhile, Polish General Stibor de Poniec of Ostoja raised funds from Danzig for a new campaign against them. Learning that the Orders Bohemian mercenaries had not been paid, Stibor convinced them to leave. He reimbursed them with money raised in Danzig. Following the departure of the mercenaries, King Casimir IV Jagiellon entered the castle in triumph in 1457, and in May, granted Danzig several privileges in gratitude for the towns assistance and involvement in the Thirteen Years War (1454–66) as well as for the funds collected for the mercenaries that left.</p><br>
<p>The mayor of the town around the castle, Bartholomäus Blume, resisted the Polish forces for three more years, but the Poles captured and sentenced him to death in 1460. A monument to Blume was erected in 1864.</p><br>
<h3>Residence of the Polish kings</h3><br>
<p>In 1466 both castle and town became part of Royal Prussia, a province of Poland. It served as one of the several Polish royal residences, fulfilling this function until the Partitions of Poland in 1772. During this period the Tall Castle served as the castle&#39;s supply storehouse, while the Great Refectory was a place for balls, feasts, and other royal events.</p><br>
<p>During the Thirty Years&#39; War, in 1626 and 1629 Swedish forces occupied the castle. They invaded and occupied it again 1656 to 1660 during the Deluge.</p><br>
<h3>After the Partitions of Poland</h3><br>
<p>After Prussia and the Russian Empire made the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the town became part of the Kingdom of Prussia province of West Prussia. At that time, the officials used the rather neglected castle as a poorhouse and barracks for the Prussian Army. In 1794 David Gilly, a Prussian architect and head of the Oberbaudepartement, made a structural survey of the castle, to decide about its future use or demolition. Gilly&#39;s son, Friedrich Gilly, produced several engravings of the castle and its architecture, which he exhibited in Berlin and had published by Friedrich Frick from 1799 to 1803. These engravings led the Prussian public to "rediscover" the castle and the history of the Teutonic Knights.</p><br>
<p>Johann Dominicus Fiorillo published another edition of the engravings on 12 February 1803, also wanting to encourage public interest. Max von Schenkendorf criticized the defacement of the castle. Throughout the Napoleonic period, the army used the castle as a hospital and arsenal. After the War of the Sixth Coalition, the castle became a symbol of Prussian history and national consciousness. Initiated by Theodor von Schön, Oberpräsident of West Prussia, in 1816, restoration of the castle was begun. In 1910 the Naval Academy Mürwik in Flensburg was built. The Marienburg was a pattern for this new Red Castle. The restoration of the Marienburg was undertaken in stages until World War II started.</p><br>
<p>With the rise of Adolf Hitler to power in the early 1930s, the Nazis used the castle as a destination for annual pilgrimages of both the Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls. The Teutonic Castle at Marienburg served as a blueprint for the Order Castles of the Third Reich built under Hitler&#39;s reign. In 1945 during World War II combat in the area, more than half the castle was destroyed.</p><br>
<h3>After World War II</h3><br>
<p>At the conclusion of the war, the city of Marienburg (Malbork) and castle became again a part of Poland. The castle has been mostly reconstructed, with restoration ongoing since 1962 following a fire in 1959 which caused further damage. A significant recent restorative effort was of the main church in the castle (i.e., The Blessed Virgin Mary Church). After being restored just before World War II and then destroyed in battle, it was in a state of disrepair until a new restoration was completed in April 2016. Malbork Castle remains the largest brick building in Europe.</p><br>
<h2>Burials in the mausoleum under the Chapel of St. Anne</h2><br>
<p>Dietrich von Altenburg</p><br>
<p>Heinrich Dusemer</p><br>
<p>Winrich von Kniprode</p><br>
<p>Konrad von Jungingen</p><br>
<p>Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg</p><br>
<p>Konrad von Erlichshausen</p><br>
<p>Castillo de Malbork, Polonia, 2013-05-19, DD 56.jpgGeneral view.</p><br>
<p>Castillo de Malbork, Polonia, 2013-05-19, DD 06.jpgExterior view of one of the entrances.</p><br>
<p>Castillo de Malbork, Polonia, 2013-05-19, DD 12.jpgGate over the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>Castillo de Malbork, Polonia, 2013-05-19, DD 38.jpgInterior view of the tower over the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>Castillo de Malbork, Polonia, 2013-05-19, DD 24.jpgExterior view of the castle walls.</p><br>
<p>Castillo de Malbork, Polonia, 2013-05-19, DD 31.jpgMain chapel.</p><br>
<p>Castillo de Malbork, Polonia, 2013-05-19, DD 18.jpgSculptures at the entrance of St Anne&#39;s chapel.</p><br>
<p>Castillo de Malbork, Polonia, 2013-05-19, DD 26.jpgWindows in the cloisters.</p><br>
<p>Castillo de Malbork, Polonia, 2013-05-19, DD 25.jpgCorridor of the cloisters.</p><br>
<p>Castillo de Malbork, Polonia, 2013-05-19, DD 17.jpgGravestones in St. Anne&#39;s Chapel</p><br>
<p>Jemdet Nasr  is a tell or settlement mound in Babil Governorate  that is best known as the eponymous type site for the Jemdet Nasr period . The site was first excavated in 1926 by Stephen Langdon, who found proto-cuneiform clay tablets in a large mudbrick building thought to be the ancient administrative centre of the site. A second season took place in 1928, but this season was very poorly recorded. Subsequent excavations in the 1980s under British archaeologist Roger Matthews were, among other things, undertaken to relocate the building excavated by Langdon. These excavations have shown that the site was also occupied during the Ubaid, Uruk and Early Dynastic I periods.</p><br>
<h2>History of research</h2><br>
<p>In 1925, the team that was excavating at Kish received reports that clay tablets and painted pottery had been found by locals at a site called Jemdet Nasr, some 26 km northeast of Kish. The site was subsequently visited and it was decided that an excavation was necessary. The first season at Jemdet Nasr took place in 1926, directed by Stephen Langdon, Professor of Assyriology at Oxford University and director of the excavations at Kish. The excavation lasted over a month and employed between 12 and 60 workmen. Langdon was not an archaeologist, and even by the standards of his time, as exemplified by Leonard Woolley&#39;s work at Ur, his record-keeping was very poor. As a result, much information on the exact find spots of artefacts, including the tablets, was lost. A large mudbrick building was excavated in which a large collection of proto-cuneiform clay tablets was found. A second season was organized in 1928, lasting between 13–22 March and directed by L.Ch. Watelin, the then-field director at Kish. This time, some 120 workmen were employed.</p><br>
<p>In 1988 and 1989, two further excavation seasons were carried out under the direction of British archaeologist Roger Matthews. The aims of the 1988 season were to conduct an archaeological survey of the site, to revisit the large building on Mound B that had been excavated by Langdon but very poorly published, and to explore a building that was visible on the surface of Mound A. During the 1989 season, again directed by Matthews, a dig-house was constructed on the site. Research focused on Mound B with the aim to further explore the ancient occupation in that area. No work was carried out on Mound A. Further excavation seasons, although planned, were prevented by the outbreak of the Gulf War in 1990 and no fieldwork has been carried out at the site since then.</p><br>
<p>The importance of the findings at Jemdet Nasr were immediately recognized after the 1920s excavations. During a large conference in Baghdad in 1930, the Jemdet Nasr period was inserted into the Mesopotamian chronology between the Uruk period and the Early Dynastic period, with Jemdet Nasr being the eponymous type site. Since then, the assemblage characteristic for the Jemdet Nasr period has been attested at other sites in south–central Iraq, including Abu Salabikh, Fara, Nippur, Ur and Uruk. The period is now generally dated to 3100–2900 BC.</p><br>
<h2>Jemdet Nasr and its environment</h2><br>
<p>The name Jemdet Nasr translates as "Small mound of Nasr", named after a prominent sheikh in the early twentieth century. Jemdet Nasr is located in modern-day Babil Governorate in central Iraq, or ancient southern Mesopotamia. Before the implementation of the Musaiyib irrigation project in the 1950s, the site lay in a semi-desert area. Today, the site is located in an area that is heavily irrigated for agriculture. The tell consists of two mounds, A and B, that are located adjacent to each other. Mound A is 160 by, 2.9 m high and has a total area of 1.5 hectare. Mound B, located immediately to the northeast of A, measures 350 by for a total area of 7.5 hectare, reaching up to 3.5 m above the modern level of the plain.</p><br>
<h2>Occupation history</h2><br>
<p>Occupation is thought to have started at least in the Ubaid period and occupied until the Early Dynastic I period. The Ubaid occupation of the site has not been explored through excavation but is inferred from pottery dating to that period, and clay sickles and a fragment of a clay cone, that were found on the surface of Mound A. Both the 1920s as well as the 1980s excavations have resulted in considerable quantities of Middle Uruk period (mid-4th millennium BC) pottery. It seems that during this period, both Mounds A and B were occupied. During the Late Uruk period (late 4th millennium BC), an extensive settlement must have existed at Mound B, but its nature is again hard to ascertain due to a lack of well-excavated archaeological contexts.</p><br>
<p>The Jemdet Nasr period settlement (3100–2900 BC) extended over an area of 4 – of Mound B. Some 0.4 hectare was occupied by the single, large mudbrick building that was excavated by Langdon, and where the clay tablets were found. In and around this building, kilns for firing pottery and baking bread were found, and other crafts like weaving. Many of these crafts, and also agricultural production, feature prominently in the proto-cuneiform tablets – indicating that much of the economy was centrally controlled and administered. In the texts from Jemdet Nasr, the term "SANGA AB" appears, which may denote a high official. The building was probably destroyed by fire. There is no evidence for far-reaching trade-contacts; no precious stones or other exotic materials were found. However, the homogeneity of the pottery that is typical for the Jemdet Nasr period suggests that there must have been intensive regional contacts. This idea is strengthened by the finding of sealings on the tablets of Jemdet Nasr that list a number of cities in southern Mesopotamia, including Larsa, Nippur, Ur, Uruk and Tell Uqair.</p><br>
<p>After the destruction of the Jemdet Nasr building, occupation of the site seems to have continued uninterrupted, as pottery forms show a gradual transition from Jemdet Nasr forms into the Early Dynastic I repertoire. At least one building of this period has been excavated at Mound B. Based on the distribution of Early Dynastic pottery on the surface, the settlement seems to have been smaller than during the Jemdet Nasr period. A single Early Dynastic I grave was found on Mound A, but no further evidence for occupation during this period. The building that was visible on the surface of the mound was probably a Parthian fortress, but due to a lack of well-dated pottery from this area this dating could not be ascertained.</p><br>
<h2>Material culture</h2><br>
<p>Apart from the proto-cuneiform tablets, Jemdet Nasr gained fame for its painted polychrome and monochrome pottery. Painted pots display both geometric motifs and depictions of animals, including birds, fish, goats, scorpions, snakes and trees. However, the majority of the pottery was undecorated, and the fact that most painted pottery seems to have come from the large central building suggests that it had a special function. Pottery forms included large jars, bowls, spouted vessels and cups.</p><br>
<p>A number of cylinder seals, stamp seals and cylinder seal impressions on the clay tablets have been found at Jemdet Nasr. Stylistically, these seals are a continuation of the preceding Uruk period. The cylinder seals display humans as well as animals in a very crude style. Over 80 of the clay tablets bore a sealing, showing humans, animals, buildings, containers and more abstract designs. Interestingly, none of the sealings on the tablets was made by the seals that were found at the site, indicating that sealing either occurred outside Jemdet Nasr or that seals could also be made of perishable materials. One sealing, found on thirteen tablets, lists the names of a number of cities surrounding Jemdet Nasr, including Larsa, Nippur, Ur and Uruk.</p><br>
<p>The exact findspots of many objects retrieved during the 1920s excavations could no longer be reconstructed due to the poor publication standards, so that many can only be dated by comparing them with what has been found at other sites that do have a good stratigraphy and chronological control. Many of the objects found during the 1920s could be dated from the Uruk period to the Early Dynastic I period. Very few copper objects were found in Jemdet Nasr. These included an adze, a fish-hook and a small pendant in the shape of a goose. A particular type of stone vessel with ledge handles and a rim decorated by incised rectangles has so far not been found at any other site. The function of a number of flat polished stones incised with lines forming a cross is uncertain, but it has been suggested that they were used as bolas. They are common in Uruk period sites. Because clay as a raw material is widely available around Jemdet Nasr, clay objects are very common. Clay objects included baked clay bricks, clay sickels, fragments of drain pipes, spatulas, spindle whorls and miniature wagon wheels. Beads, small pendants and figurines were made of bone, shell, stone, clay and frit.</p><br>
<h3>Proto-cuneiform texts</h3><br>
<p>The clay tablets that were reported to the excavators of Kish in 1925 may not have been the first to come from Jemdet Nasr. Already before 1915, a French antiquities dealer had bought tablets that reportedly came from the site through looting. He sold them in lots to the French dealer Dumani Frères, the Louvre and the British Museum, while those resold to Dumani Frères were subsequently purchased by James Breasted for the Oriental Institute in Chicago. Another group of tablets was purchased in Kish in the 1930s and of these it was asserted that they came from Jemdet Nasr, although this is unlikely due to stylistic differences between these tablets and those excavated at Jemdet Nasr in 1926. During the first regular excavation season in 1926, between 150 and 180 tablets were found in Mound B; the error margin resulting from gaps in the administration kept by the excavators. Some of these tablets may actually have come from the 1928 excavations under Watelin. The tablets from the regular excavations are stored in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford and the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad.</p><br>
<p>The Jemdet Nasr tablets are written in proto-cuneiform script. Proto-cuneiform is thought to have arisen in the second half of the 4th millennium BC. While at first it was characterized by a small set of symbols that were predominantly pictographs, by the time of the Jemdet Nasr period, there was already a trend toward more abstract and simpler designs. It is also during this period that the script acquired its iconic wedge-shaped appearance. While the language in which these tablets were written cannot be identified with certainty, it is thought to have been Sumerian. Contemporary archives have been found at Uruk, Tell Uqair and Khafajah.</p><br>
<p>The tablets from Jemdet Nasr are primarily administrative accounts; long lists of various objects, foodstuffs and animals that were probably distributed among the population from a centralized authority. Thus, these texts document, among other things, the cultivation, processing and redistribution of grain, the counting of herds of cattle, the distribution of secondary products like beer, fish, fruit and textiles, as well as various objects of undefinable nature. Six tablets deal with the calculation of agricultural field areas from surface measurements, which is the earliest attested occurrence of such calculations.</p><br>
<p>Speedwell Forge Mansion, also known as Speedwell Forge Homestead, is a historic home located at Elizabeth Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. The ironmasters mansion was built about 1760, and is a 2½-story, four bay wide and two bay deep, brownstone and fieldstone dwelling in the Georgian style. It was expanded about 1795 with a Georgian/Federal style wing. Also on the property are a contributing stone summer kitchen , stone and frame workshop , stone paymasters office c. 1795), and stone privy .</p><br>
<p>The forge operated continuously until 1854, when it closed as iron production moved west. The property has been restored and turned into a bed and breakfast as well as the Wolf Sanctuary of Pennsylvania. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Ironmasters</h2><br>
<h3>Peter Grubb</h3><br>
<p>Peter Grubb founded the Cornwall Iron Furnace as well as the Cornwall iron mines, the richest source of iron ever found in America east of Lake Superior.</p><br>
<p>In the 1730s, Grubb, a stonemason, began mining in what is now known as Cornwall, Pennsylvania, and literally stumbled upon one of the largest and richest iron mines ever found. (It was mined for over 240 years, until the open pit mine flooded in 1972). In 1742, Grubb built the Cornwall Iron Furnace which used a charcoal-fired blast furnace to convert iron ore to pig iron.</p><br>
<p>Peter Grubb&#39;s sons, Curtis and Peter Jr., operated the ironworks after 1765 and Peter Jr., who ran the Hopewell Forges on Hammer Creek, hired Robert Coleman.</p><br>
<h3>John Jacob Huber</h3><br>
<p>Around 1735, John Jacob Huber, a German immigrant, set up a tavern on Newport Road, which ran from Lancaster, Pennsylvania to the port at Newport, Delaware. (This tavern is now the Forgotten Seasons B&B.) In 1746 he sold the tavern and purchased 400 acre of land in what is now Elizabeth County. By 1750 he built Elizabeth Furnace and began casting five-plate stoves, some of which survive today.</p><br>
<h3>Henry William Stiegel</h3><br>
<p>Huber hired another German immigrant, Henry William Stiegel, as clerk, and in 1752 Stiegel married Hubers daughter, Elizabeth. In 1757, Stiegel purchased his father-in-laws interest in the furnace. (The township later took its name from the furnace.)</p><br>
<h3>James Old</h3><br>
<p>James Old (1730-1809) emigrated from Wales in 1750. Arriving in Lancaster, he was employed at Windsor Forge in Caernarvon Township. A few years later, he struck out on his own and built Poole Forge, also in Caernarvon Township. In 1760, he and his partner David Caldwell purchased land from Huber along Hammer Creek, and built Speedwell Forge.</p><br>
<h3>Robert Coleman</h3><br>
<p>Robert Coleman (1748–1825) was born in Caste Finn, Ireland, and immigrated to Pennsylvania in 1764. Arriving penniless, his beautiful penmanship soon earned him a clerk position for the Reading Prothonotary. After two years, he was hired by Peter Grubb, Jr. as a clerk at Hopewell Forge, in Lancaster County. However, in 1767, after only six months at Hopewell Forge, Coleman was hired by James Old, who had just leased Quittapahilla Forge in Lancaster County (now Lebanon County). Coleman lived with the Old family, travelling between Speedwell and Quittapahilla.</p><br>
<p>Because of its distance from town, a forge had to be self-sustaining, employing farmers, lumbejacks, blacksmiths, horses, livestock, etc. Thus the iron master oversaw not just a forge, but a community.</p><br>
<p>In 1767, Old took Coleman to Reading Furnace, in Chester County, Pennsylvania. In 1773, Coleman married Old&#39;s daughter, Anne. With the help of his father-in-law, Coleman leased Salford Forge, and began building his iron empire. In 1784, Coleman purchased Speedwell Forge from his father-in-law for 7000 pounds. After selling Speedwell, James Old purchased an interest in Hopewell Furnace in Berks County, Pennsylvania. There are indicators that he worked as a Justice of the Courts in Lancaster, and was a member of the State Assembly.</p><br>
<p>Coleman owned several furnaces during the Revolution, receiving many contracts for munitions and chain links, which were stretched across the bays to keep English war ships at bay. Coleman reinvested his profits, buying many forges and furnaces, even the Cornwall iron mine. He became Pennsylvania&#39;s first millionaire, and by the time of his death, his legacy was fully established.</p><br>
<p>Speedwell Forge was used as a training ground for his sons, before being promoted to furnaces.</p><br>
<h2>Use of anthracite coal</h2><br>
<p>By the 1850s, improvements in coal technology had produced anthracite coal, which burned hotter than bituminous coal. New furnaces burned hotter and were much more efficient, and the industry was moving west to places like Pittsburgh. As a result, many of the furnaces and forges closed. Speedwell closed in 1854; Cornwall held out until 1883. Some of the furnaces (including Cornwall and Hopewell) survived, simply because the furnaces were too massive to do anything with. Forges, on the other hand, could be completely dismantled and abandoned. As a result, there are no extant forges remaining in America.</p><br>
<h2>Horse breeding</h2><br>
<p>The Speedwell property remained in the Coleman family, and they began breeding standardbred horses for sulky racing. The quarter-mile training track is now used as the driveway for Speedwell Forge mansion, and the half-mile racing track is still visible at the top of the hill, in what is now a cornfield.</p><br>
<h2>Lake and county park</h2><br>
<p>In 1942, the Margaret Coleman Buckingham sold the Speedwell property, and surrounding 1,000 acre, to Gerald and Kathryn Darlington. In the 1960s, Pennsylvania state purchased about 500 acre along Hammer Creek and dammed it, creating Speedwell Forge Lake. In the 1990s, Lancaster County purchased about 300 acre also along Hammer Creek, and created the Speedwell Forge County Park.</p><br>
<h2>The site today</h2><br>
<p>Today, nothing remains of the forge above ground. There are supposedly some historic artifacts underwater, but the exact location of the forge is no longer known. The associated ironmasters mansion was fully restored in 2005 by Dawn Darlington, granddaughter of Gerald and Kathryn Darlington, and converted into a bed and breakfast. In 2006, the property, which included a summer kitchen and paymasters office, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians is a Roman Catholic shrine in the north central United States, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The centerpiece of the shrine is a minor basilica. It is located in the town of Erin, near Hubertus, Wisconsin, in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee. The shrine has approximately 300,000 visitors per year.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The shrine is located atop a high kame in 400 acre of woods. Visitors can climb a 178-step observation tower to view the Milwaukee skyline, about 30 mi southeast. At approximately 1,350 ft above sea level, it is one of the highest points in southeastern Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>Near Wisconsin&#39;s Ice Age Trail, it is about 4 mi east of Erin Hills, a championship golf course which hosted the USA Open in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tradition says that the hill was first discovered in 1673 by Father Jacques Marquette with Louis Jolliet. However, modern historians view this tradition as untrue, though Jesuits were likely the first Catholic priests to discover the hill.</p><br>
<p>The USA government owned the land until 1855, and the hill was known as "Government Hill" because surveying work was done there. Forty acres were purchased by Fr. Paulhuber, from Salzburg, Austria.</p><br>
<p>The first resident on the hill was a hermit named François Soubrio. Around 1862, an area farmer found him living on the hill. Soubrio had heard about the hill when he was working as an assistant to a retired professor in Quebec, Canada. He had found an old French diary and map dated 1676 showing a cone-shaped mountain in Wisconsin. The diary described how the author placed a stone altar, raised a cross, and dedicated the hill to Jesus&#39;s mother Mary. The diary account corresponds with Jesuit missionary work in the area between 1673 and 1679.</p><br>
<p>The name "Holy Hill" was first given to the place by Irish settlers in the area. A set of wooden crosses were placed for the Stations of the Cross in 1875. In the winter of 1879, Fr. Raess sent a proposal to Archbishop John Henni to construct a new shrine to Mary. Construction began that spring. Pilgrims began flocking to the shrine, and it was decided that a religious order should administer the shrine. A group of Discalced Carmelites came from Bavaria at the invitation of Archbishop Sebastian Messmer, and the Shrine of Mary was put under their care on June 26, 1906. The building now known as the Old Monastery Inn and Retreat Center was completed in 1920. The second shrine was removed in 1925 so that a third shrine could be built. The cornerstone of the third and present shrine was placed by Archbishop Messmer on August 22, 1926. The present church was completed and consecrated in 1931.</p><br>
<p>Another tradition describes a German priest who was recreant to his vows and came to America for penance. He found a reference to the hill in Marquette&#39;s diary and decided to take a pilgrimage. He became ill in Chicago, and was paralyzed. He reportedly found the hill, crawled to the summit on his hands, and was cured of his paralysis.</p><br>
<h2>Worship site</h2><br>
<p>The basilica hosts weekend Masses. There are also daily religious services and Marian devotions.</p><br>
<p>The main church was built in 1930. At its entrance, It has two eight-foot-tall statues which were placed there in 1958. The statue on the left depicts St. Mary, Help of Christians; and the one on the right depicts Saint Joseph, protector of the Carmelites. The inside of the church features mosaics of Discalced Carmelite founders St. Teresa of Jesus and St. John of the Cross.</p><br>
<h2>Repairs</h2><br>
<p>The church underwent a $6.1-million renovation between 2002 and 2006. The renovations included extensive interior decorative painting, faux stone & mosaic by Conrad Schmitt Studios and exterior repairs, including a new slate roof for the monastery, main church and bell tower.</p><br>
<p>On June 6, 2006 (06/06/06), vandals spray-painted the church and several shrines with expletives and references to Satan and the Number of the Beast. It was later discovered the vandals were two teenage boys. The cost of removing the graffiti was in excess of $33,000.00.</p><br>
<p>On May 26, 2013, four new cast-bronze entry doors were dedicated by His Excellency, Archbishop Jerome E. Listecki. The doors were designed by architect Duncan G. Stroik and contain scenes sculpted by artist Cody Swanson. The scenes depict Saint Theresa of Ávila, The Annunciation with Gabriel the Archangel and Our Lady, and Saint John of the Cross.</p><br>
<h2>Milestones</h2><br>
<p>The shrine is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On July 16, 2006, a Mass was held celebrating 100 years of Carmelite stewardship at the site. During that Mass it was announced that Pope Benedict XVI had named Holy Hill a minor basilica.</p><br>
<p>Holy Hill was dedicated as a minor basilica by Archbishop Timothy Dolan on November 19, 2006. There are fewer than 60 minor basilicas in the United States.</p><br>
<p>New York Cardinal Timothy Dolan drew a large crowd of Catholics and well-wishers to Holy Hill on April 28, 2012, for a special Mass of Thanksgiving, some arriving as early as 4:30 a.m. to ensure a spot in the historic Basilica of the National Shrine of Mary Help of Christians.</p><br>
<p>Mount Bulusan, or Bulusan Volcano, is the southernmost volcano on Luzon Island in the Republic of the Philippines. It is situated in the province of Sorsogon in the Bicol region, 70 km southeast of Mayon Volcano and approximately 250 km southeast of the Philippine capital of Manila.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines.</p><br>
<h2>Physical features</h2><br>
<p>Bulusan is classified by volcanologists as a stratovolcano (or a composite cone) and covers the northeast rim of Irosin caldera that was formed about 40,000 years ago. It has a peak elevation of 1,565 m above sea level with a base diameter of 15 km.</p><br>
<p>Located around the mountain are four craters and four hot springs. The first crater, called Blackbird Lake, is 20 m in diameter and 15 m deep. The second crater is oval, with dimensions of 60 by and 15 m. The third crater is about 90 m in diameter and 20 m deep, while the fourth, which is near the northeastern rim opened during the 1981 eruption. There is also a 100 m fissure measuring 5 to 8 m wide below this crater.</p><br>
<p>Its hot springs are San Benon Springs, Mapaso Springs, San Vicente Springs, Masacrot Springs.</p><br>
<p>Its adjacent volcanic edifices are Mt. Homahan, Mt. Binitacan, Mt. Batuan, Mt. Calungalan, Mt. Calaunan, Mt. Tabon-Tabon, Mt. Juban, and Mt. Jormajan.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptions</h2><br>
<p>Bulusan is generally known for its sudden steam-driven or phreatic explosions. It has erupted 15 times since 1885 and is considered as the 4th most active volcano in the Philippines after Mayon, Taal, and Kanlaon.</p><br>
<h2>Evacuation procedures</h2><br>
<p>There are evacuation procedures in place for parts of the peninsula; the farms nearest the volcano are to be evacuated, and many of the village schools will be closed if it is considered possible that a more destructive eruption could occur.</p><br>
<h2>Recent activities</h2><br>
<h3>March - June 2006</h3><br>
<p>The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) declared Alert Level 1 on March 19, 2006 after it recorded increased seismic unrest. On June 8, 2006, volcanologists raised the Alert Level to 2 (moderate level of seismic unrest) after it spewed ash. On June 9, the resulting ash cloud damaged a number of houses in the nearby town of Casiguran, 5 km north of the volcano, and reached Sorsogon City, about 20 km north of Bulusan.</p><br>
<p>On June 13, 2006, volcanologists said new craters were created by the mild explosions of Mount Bulusan. Aside from the new craters, two of the volcano&#39;s four craters appeared to have merged and cracks were observed on the crater on the western side of the summit. Another eruption took place on April 8, 2007</p><br>
<h3>July – October 2007</h3><br>
<p>Following some signs of volcanic activity, on the morning of July 31, 2007, 9.37 AM (local time), there was a loud explosion described by locals as "like a bomb going off". A cloud of steam and ash shot into the air from Mount Bulusan to a height of 5 km, drifted and deposited over the surrounding countryside. The eruption lasted for 20 minutes.</p><br>
<p>On October 4, 2007, two episodes of ash explosions occurred as recorded by the seismic network. The explosions were not visually observed due to thick clouds covering the volcanos summit. The events were recorded as explosion type-earthquakes at 1:34 AM and 1:39 AM. The seismic network recorded 40 volcanic earthquakes and 8 short duration harmonic tremors during the previous 24 hours. Ground deformation surveys along the Inlagadian leveling line at the northeast flank indicated a slight inflation of the volcanos edifice. Field investigation conducted showed trace to light ashfalls affecting barangays San Roque, San Rafael, Sitio Tawog of Porog, Porog proper and Bulusan town proper, all in the municipality of Bulusan.</p><br>
<p>The October 2007 ash explosions at Bulusan Volcano were preceded by sporadic swarms of small to moderate-sized amplitude earthquakes, which began occurring in the last week of September 2007. Evacuations took place during the July–August episodes of activity.</p><br>
<h3>November 2010</h3><br>
<p>On November 7, 2010, PHIVOLCS recorded increased seismic activity at Bulusan Volcano, 24 hours after the active volcano spewed a 600 m ash column and grayish steam on November 5, 2010. State volcanologists noted that at least 10 volcanic earthquakes and four explosion-type events have been documented subsequent to the emission of ash and steam at 8 a.m. on Saturday (5 November 2010). PHIVOLCS also noted that steaming activity was characterized by strong emission of white steam column that reached a maximum height of 200 meters above the crater rim. It warned the public not to enter the four-kilometer permanent danger zone from the volcano. People residing near the valleys and streams were also advised to be "extra alert" against sediment-laden stream flows in the event of heavy rains.</p><br>
<p>More ash ejection were reported on November 8–9, 2010 with ash fall on areas in Juban and Irosin towns in Sorsogon province. A PHIVOLCS bulletin on November 9, 2010 stated that eight volcanic earthquakes were recorded from the volcano during the past 24 hours and weak to moderate emission of ash explosion was observed. PHIVOLCS also warned residents near valleys and streams against sediment-laden stream flows in the event of heavy and continuous rainfall.</p><br>
<h3>February 2011</h3><br>
<p>After months of little activity, the volcano suddenly erupted and sent a plume of ash 2 km high, after water reacted with the hot magma. PHIVOLCS has said such explosions are likely to continue for the coming weeks. Initially, hundreds of nearby residents evacuated on their own, but the government has stepped in to evacuate thousands more, and imposed a 4 km travel ban around the crater. They also advised aeroplanes to avoid the immediate perimeter due to ash and debris in the air.</p><br>
<h3>July 2014</h3><br>
<p>In July 13, 2014, during the 24-hour observation period, the seismic network detected thirteen volcanic earthquakes.</p><br>
<h3>May–June 2015</h3><br>
<p>Mount Bulusan ejected a 250 m ash plume in May 1, 2015 at around 9:46 PM, lasting for 3.5 minutes. The incident is classified as a "minor explosion event" by PHIVOLCS leading to the raising of Alert Level 1 (abnormal activity) for the surrounding area. A second ash explosion lasting for five minutes also occurred on the same day. PHIVOLCS determined the cause of the eruptions to be hydrothermal activity beneath the volcano. People were advised not to enter the 4 km Permanent Danger Zone. Further advisories were given to low-flying aircraft against the dangers of sudden phreatic eruptions, and to local residents near rivers and streams in case of lahar flows. There were also concerns that rains from Typhoon Noul could trigger lahars and mudslides near the mountain. However, after Noul recurved to the north, the threat did not materialize and the evacuees were permitted to return to their homes.</p><br>
<p>On June 16, Mount Bulusan generated two volcanic eruptions with the first one recorded at 11:02 AM which lasted for 10 minutes producing a one kilometer high grayish steam and ash plume and accompanied by rumbling sounds. The second one was recorded at 11:20 AM which lasted for a minute producing only a small ash plume.</p><br>
<p>On June 18, the volcano once again erupted but was not observed visually due to thick clouds covering the summit. Prior to the eruption, rumbling sounds was heard between 5:00 AM to 7:00 AM by residents of the village of Monbon in Irosin town. The next day, June 19, Bulusan erupted yet again at around 2:55 PM producing a 1.5 kilometer high ash plume.</p><br>
<h3>June 2016</h3><br>
<p>On June 10, almost a year after its last eruption, Mount Bulusan erupted again at 11:35 AM. The eruption lasted for five minutes and generated an ash plume measuring 6,562 feet or some 2,000 meters. According to PHIVOLCS, the eruption was phreatic in nature and had a shallow source, with the ash drifting northwest to the direction of Juban town. While the PHIVOLCS did not raise the alert level 1 in the volcano, it advised residents not to enter the four-kilometer Permanent Danger Zone and warned pilots not to fly near the volcano.</p><br>
<h3>December 2016</h3><br>
<p>On December 29, Mount Bulusan had a phreatic eruption, shooting a plume of ash about two kilometers high. It happened 2:40pm and lasted for about 16-minutes. Causing PHILVOLCS to raise Alert level 1 for the surrounding areas. And also reminded the public not to enter the 4-kilometer radius Permanent Danger Zone.</p><br>
<p>Kuşaklı is an archaeological site in Turkey. It is 4 km  west of the village Basören/Altinyayla, 60 km  south of Sivas. Excavation continues under the direction of Andreas Müller-Karpe.</p><br>
<p>Excavations began in 1992. Dirk Mielke identified from the 16th to 13th centuries BC three "pottery horizons" and two Hittite building layers of different character. Mielke further identified a third, Iron Age building layer.</p><br>
<h2>Sarissa</h2><br>
<p>In the second excavation campaign, the archaeologists discovered written records of its Hittite period; the fourth, smallest, and so far last major archive in the Hittite language. In 1997 Gernot Wilhelm reported:</p><br>
<p>Sarissa was founded in the 16th century BC as a midsized provincial town, close to Kussara. The scribes in Hattusa catalogued Sarissa in the "Upper Land" of Hatti.</p><br>
<p>"There were gates at the four corners of the city... one city gate is of Syrian-Levantine form." In 2004, the team uncovered a pool or dam by the northwest gate - the oldest known dam in Anatolia. The gate contains wood, and dendrochronology has claimed that the wood was cut 1530 BC; but this finding has not been peer reviewed.</p><br>
<p>Sarissa was sacked during the general turmoil following the reign of Arnuwanda I in the early 14th century. It was then rebuilt under the Hittite revival from Samuha under Tudhaliya III.</p><br>
<p>The main deity of Sarissa was the Weather-God; he is named in the treaty between Hattusili III and Rameses II.</p><br>
<p>Sarissa was sacked again with the other Hittite cities in 1200 BC. Its site was reoccupied and repaired, but then abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>Dark Age Kuşaklı</h2><br>
<p>Sarissa was resettled during the 7th/6th century BC, but its name then is unknown.</p><br>
<p>Little Massabesic Brook and Sucker Brook form a 1.9 mi stream located in southern New Hampshire in the United States. They are tributaries of Massabesic Lake, part of the Merrimack River and Gulf of Maine watersheds. Despite the streams&#39; short length, they are subject to the New Hampshire Comprehensive Shoreland Protection Act, because of their fourth order stream status .</p><br>
<p>Little Massabesic Brook is formed by the confluence of Hook Brook and Preston Brook in Auburn, New Hampshire. The brook flows west, is interrupted by Little Massabesic Lake, then continues west to Clark Pond Brook. At this juncture, the stream changes name to Sucker Brook and flows south, past the village proper of Auburn, and enters Massabesic Lake.</p><br>
<p>Fort Reno also known as Fort Connor or Old Fort Reno, was a wooden Fort established on August 15, 1865 by the United States Army in Dakota Territory in present-day Johnson County, Wyoming. The fort was built to protect travelers on the Bozeman Trail from Native American tribes.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment</h2><br>
<p>One of the primary goals of the Powder River Expedition of 1865 was to construct a fort on the Powder River in Montana Territory or Dakota Territory. The expeditions left, or western column of about 650 men under the command of Colonel James H. Kidd of the 6th Michigan Cavalry, accompanied by the expeditions overall commander Brigadier General Patrick E. Connor, set out from Fort Laramie, Dakota Territory on August 1, 1865.</p><br>
<p>Army units with the column included Companies L, and M, of the 2nd California Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, four Companies of the 6th Michigan Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, Companies E, and K, of the 11th Ohio Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, Company F, of the 7th Iowa Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, a detachment of the United States Signal Corps, the Pawnee Scouts and a section of two Model 1841 Mountain Howitzer Cannon manned by 14 soldiers of the 2nd Missouri Volunteer Light Artillery Regiment.</p><br>
<p>On August 15, 1865, Colonel Kidd&#39;s column selected the site of the fort on a bluff above the Powder River near the crossing of the Bozeman Trail. Construction began the same day by the four companies of the 6th Michigan Cavalry that had recently been transferred from the Army of the Potomac in Virginia. The new post was named Fort Connor in honor of Brigadier General Patrick Edward Connor, the overall commander of the Powder River Expedition. That month, Fort Connor was the jumping-off point for the soldiers that fought at the Battle of the Tongue River on August 29, 1865 in present-day Sheridan County, Wyoming. The left, right, and center columns of the Powder River Expedition all finally rendezvoused at Fort Connor on September 25, 1865. Army units that arrived in September included companies from the 2nd Missouri Volunteer Light Artillery Regiment, 12th Missouri Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, 15th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, and the 16th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, along with a second detachment of the USA Signal Corps. Most of these men marched south to Fort Laramie in October, 1865 to be mustered out of the army, leaving the four companies of Michigan cavalry under Colonel James H. Kidd to garrison the fort.</p><br>
<h2>Renaming</h2><br>
<p>The Bozeman Trail, built as a way around the Bighorn Mountains, crossed the Powder River at Fort Connor, offering emigrants traveling on it protection. Buildings constructed at Connor had sod-covered roofs and dirt floors. In October 1865, the 6th Michigan and Colonel Kidd turned the garrison of Fort Connor over to Captain George W. Williford, and Companies C, and D, of the 5th United States Volunteer Infantry Regiment, companies of the Galvanized Yankees, and a company of Indian scouts.</p><br>
<p>In November 1865, its name was changed to Fort Reno, in honor of Major General Jesse Lee Reno, who had been mortally wounded on September 14, 1862 at the Battle of South Mountain, Maryland, while commanding the Union IX Corps at Foxs Gap. The name had no connection with Major Marcus Reno, a member of the 7th Cavalry who fought in the Battle of the Little Bighorn. The garrison of the fort endured the harsh winter of 1865–1866, and during this time suffered 33 casualties from desertions, illnesses, one soldier killed by an accidental gunshot, and the death of its commanding officer, Captain George W. Williford, who died of illness on April 29, 1866. Captain George M. Bailey became Willifords successor.</p><br>
<h2>Reinforcement</h2><br>
<p>On June 28, 1866 Colonel Henry Beebe Carrington and about 700 men of the 18th USA Infantry reached Fort Reno, relieving the galvanized yankees. The 18th Infantry had moved into the Powder River country to begin construction of posts (Fort Phil Kearny and Fort C. F. Smith) on the Bozeman trail farther to the north. When Carrington reached the post, only 104 of the original 137 men of Companies C, and D, 5th USAV.I. remained, the rest having died mainly of illness and scurvy. Colonel Carrington left Companies B, E, and H of the 18th Infantry to garrison the post, and resumed his march north on the Bozeman trail on July 9, 1866, while the 5th USAV.I. traveled south to Fort Kearney, Nebraska to muster out on October 11, 1866, "without a single regret."</p><br>
<p>The newly arrived Regular Army soldiers of the 18th Infantry constructed a log stockade around the unprotected garrison buildings, complete with log bastions on the northwest and southeast corners. They also built a sturdy adobe commanding officer&#39;s quarters. In 1867, the post was renovated and expanded. The garrison ranged from 125 to a high of 300 soldiers. The second battalion of the 18th Infantry, which was renamed the 27th United States Infantry Regiment in 1867, endured the routines of garrison life and the harsh winters and hot summers, occasionally skirmishing with hostile Indians and keeping the southern end of the Bozeman Trail open and passable.</p><br>
<h2>Abandonment</h2><br>
<p>In 1868 the Fort Laramie Treaty ended Red Clouds War and essentially ceded the Powder River Country to the Lakota Sioux. Along with Forts C.F. Smith and Phil Kearny, Fort Reno was abandoned as a condition of the agreement. Shortly after the military left in August, the entire post was destroyed by fire ignited by Cheyenne warriors. During the Great Sioux War, Brigadier General George Crooks 883 men of the Big Horn Expedition returned to Fort Reno in March, 1876, finding only some adobe walls and building debris. Nevertheless, Crook used the site as a supply base for 15 days, leaving the expeditions wagons and Companies C, and I, of the 4th United States Infantry Regiment, under the overall command of Captain Edwin M. Coates. On March 5 Crooks command fought Indian warriors in the Fort Reno Skirmish directly across the river from the abandoned post. Later that year, the army would again use the site as a supply base, eventually establishing the Fort Reno Depot several miles to the south. In the 1880s, soldiers buried in the post cemetery were reinterred in the Custer Battlefield National Cemetery near Crow Agency, Montana.</p><br>
<h2>Garrison</h2><br>
<p>August&mdash;October 1865 - 6th Michigan Volunteer Cavalry (4 Companies): Colonel James H. Kidd</p><br>
<p>October 1865&mdash;April 1866 - 5th United States Volunteer Infantry (2 Companies): Captain George W. Williford</p><br>
<p>April&mdash;June 1866 - 5th United States Volunteer Infantry (2 Companies): Captain George M. Bailey</p><br>
<p>June&mdash;September 1866 - 18th United States Infantry (3 Companies): Captain Joseph L. Proctor</p><br>
<p>September 1866&mdash;August 1868 - 27th United States Infantry (3 Companies): Captain Joseph L. Proctor</p><br>
<p>March 1876 - 4th United States Infantry (2 Companies): Captain Edwin M. Coates</p><br>
<h2>Fort Reno today</h2><br>
<h2>Other Fort Reno's</h2><br>
<p>Two other army posts were also named Fort Reno&mdash;one Fort Reno Park in the defenses of Washington D.C. during the Civil War, and another frontier outpost called Fort Reno, built in 1874 in what is now Oklahoma.</p><br>
<p>The Annaquatucket River is a river in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. It flows approximately 7 km  and drains a watershed of 18.9 km² . There are two dams along the river&#39;s length.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Annaquatucket rises on the north side of Pork Hill in North Kingstown, near Hatchery Road. The river flows north to Rhode Island State Route 4, then turns south and flows into Belleville Pond. South of the pond, the river continues in a southeasterly direction to its mouth at Narragansett Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Crossings</h2><br>
<p>Below is a list of all crossings over the Annaquatucket River. The list starts at the headwaters and goes downstream.</p><br>
<p>*North Kingstown</p><br>
<p>**Rhode Island State Route 4</p><br>
<p>**Lafayette Road</p><br>
<p>**U.S. Route 1</p><br>
<p>**Featherbed Lane</p><br>
<p>**Rhode Island State Route 1A</p><br>
<p>The Reed Opera House and McCornack Block Addition, more commonly known as The Reed Opera House or The Reed, is a historic building in downtown Salem, Oregon, United States. Since its grand opening on September 27, 1870, the Reed Opera House has served as a performing arts center and shopping mall. The Italianate brick structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the Reed Opera House began in 1869 and was completed in 1870 with G. W. Rhodes as the architect. The opera house was built by Cyrus Adams Reed under a contract with the State of Oregon to provide space for the Oregon State Legislature, the Oregon Supreme Court, and the Oregon State Library. During construction, however, Oregon elected officials decided not to comply with the previous administration&#39;s contract. Since the building was already close to completion, Reed made some changes to the plan and had seven shops included on the ground floor, an opera house on the second and third floors, and a hotel in the unused space.</p><br>
<p>The Reed Opera House officially opened with the inaugural ball for Oregon Governor La Fayette Grover. It quickly became the center of Salems entertainment and social life, playing host to touring plays, opera companies, political meetings, and community events. A number of notable performers made appearances, including local celebrity Hallie Parrish Hinges, artist/political cartoonist Thomas Nast, Susan B. Anthony, Mark Twain, presidents Rutherford B. Hayes and Benjamin Harrison and John Philip Sousas band.</p><br>
<p>On April 20, 1900, the Reed Opera House theater officially closed. This was due to the nearby construction of the Grand Theater, which had more modern amenities and a ground floor entrance. Soon afterwards, Joseph Meyers and Sons, who leased the property from E.P. McCornack, and who had purchased Reeds interest in the building in 1885, converted the theater and the majority of the retail space into a department store. In 1902, McCornack added a two-story building to the Reed Opera House in order to house a furniture store. In 1920, both buildings were purchased and occupied by Millers Department Store.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>Miller&#39;s Department Store continued to occupy the buildings until 1976. At that time, the buildings were purchased by realtor Coburn Grabenhorst Sr. and architects Phil Settecase and Howard Smith. At the cost of USD $1,000,000, the buildings were updated to assume their present configuration.</p><br>
<p>The new layout of the Reed included a number of retail boutiques and restaurants on the lower level, first floor, mezzanine, and second floor. It prospered until a large mall was built nearby in the late 1980s. Because of ensuing financial difficulty, the deeds to the Reed Opera House and the McCornack addition were turned over to the bank that financed the redevelopment. In 1993, Bourne Properties purchased the deeds to the Reed Opera House.</p><br>
<p>Roger Yost, a former marketing vice president of Jantzen Apparel, purchased the Reed Opera House from Bourne Properties in 2003. Since he gained ownership, he has undertaken a remodeling project to expand the building, as well as to restore some of its original features. He has remodeled what is now known as the Trinity Ballroom and the kitchen for USD $50,000 and modernized the elevators for USD $175,000. He replicated the rooftop pediment, corona, and architectural brackets of the original building for USD $180,000, having won a USD $100,000 prize from a contest sponsored by Salem&#39;s Urban Renewal agency to assist with the restoration. In addition to remodeling, Yost added a number of vintage advertisements for his former employer, Jantzen Swimwear (as it was formerly known), throughout the public areas of the Reed.</p><br>
<p>The Liberties of the Tower, or the Tower Liberty, was a liberty around and including the Tower of London.</p><br>
<p>It was outside the jurisdiction of the City of London and the County of Middlesex, with its own county government. The area of the liberty expanded in 1686. It became part of the County of London in 1889 and was dissolved in 1894.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The liberty originally consisted of the area inside the walls of the Tower of London (also known as Tower Within) and immediately outside it (known as Old Tower Without). The boundaries were presented by a Leet Jury in 1525 and again as surveyed by Haiward and Gascoyne in 1597.</p><br>
<p>In 1686 letters patent granted by James II added the Old Artillery Ground, Little Minories and the Liberty of Wellclose. These areas came into the possession of the Crown when the religious houses that formerly administered them were dissolved. They had subsequently been used for the storing of ordnance.</p><br>
<p>The population was 3,995 in 1811 and 4,190 in 1831.</p><br>
<h2>Governance</h2><br>
<p>The liberties had an administration separate from the neighbouring county and city, headed by the Constable of the Tower of London, and appointed their own coroner, and had their own courthouse with general and quarter sessions and gaol. A force of constables was appointed for the area. The inhabitants had certain other privileges such as being able to claim any beast that fell from, and any swans under London Bridge.</p><br>
<p>From 1837 the liberty formed part of the Whitechapel Poor Law Union. Extra-parochial places were progressively eliminated and following the Extra-Parochial Places Act 1857, the Tower of London and Old Tower Without became civil parishes in 1858. The Old Artillery Ground became a civil parish in 1866, following the Poor Law Amendment Act 1866.</p><br>
<p>From 1855 the area became part of the Whitechapel District and was administered by the Whitechapel District Board of Works. The liberty became part of the County of London in 1889.</p><br>
<h2>Abolition</h2><br>
<p>By 1889 the liberty had become obsolete and it was thought that the Local Government Act 1888 had removed the jurisdiction of the justices. However, the charter was found to be still in operation. The liberty was abolished on 25 June 1894 following a petition by the justices of the peace of the County of London under the Liberties Act 1850.</p><br>
<p>The area of the former liberty was included in the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney in 1900.</p><br>
<p>The liberty continued as a franchise coroner&#39;s district. The Coroners (Amendment) Act 1926 provided that when a vacancy arises the district could be dissolved and when a vacancy occurred on 10 May 1939 an order was made on 30 November 1939 combining it with the east district, coming into effect on 1 January 1940.</p><br>
<p>The area of the former liberty now forms part of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and following boundary changes around the Minories in 1994 is partly in the City of London.</p><br>
<p>Visby City Wall  is a medieval defensive wall surrounding the Swedish town of Visby on the island of Gotland. As the strongest, most extensive, and best preserved medieval city wall in Scandinavia, the wall forms an important and integral part of Visby World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>Built in two stages during the 13th and 14th century, approximately 3.44 km of its original 3.6 km still stands. Of the 29 large and 22 smaller towers, 27 large and 9 small remain. A number of houses that predate the wall were incorporated within it during one of the two phases of construction. During the 18th century, fortifications were added to the wall in several places and some of the towers rebuilt to accommodate cannons.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The oldest part of the city wall is a defensive tower, today called the Kruttornet (the Gunpowder Tower), which was erected at the harbor entrance in the 12th century, making it the oldest surviving non-religious building in the Nordic countries. It was not until the 1270s and 1280s, that the building of a proper defense for the town of Visby started, with the erection of the land-facing wall. This first wall was approximately 5 to 6 m tall. On the town-side, the wall had a raised platform for archers with regularly spaced openings for firing arrows while between the narrow openings there were arrowslits. According to dendrochronological examinations, the Österport (the East Gate) was built no earlier than 1286, followed by two more in 1289: the Norderport (North Gate) and 1294 the Snäckgärdsporten (the Snäckgärds Gate). Around the 1290s and early 1300s, about 20 large towers were added between the gates.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the wall was probably connected to conflicts that arose between the town of Visby and the thing or assembly of Gotland, which led to a civil war on the island in 1288. A part of the wall east of Kvarntornet (the Mill Tower) which has been razed possibly dates from the beginning of this war, when Visby was captured and plundered.</p><br>
<p>Construction of city walls was unusual in Nordic countries during the Middle Ages, and so the construction of the city wall testifies to Visby&#39;s commercial importance during this time. In medieval Sweden, only Stockholm, Kalmar and Visby had city walls.</p><br>
<p>The last major rebuilding of the city wall occurred in the 1350s, when the wall was strengthened and its height increased by an additional 3 to 4 m. Its defenses were also augmented with approximately twenty new towers attached to the east part of the wall. When King Valdemar IV of Denmark captured the town in 1361, he ordered a part of the wall to be torn down as a symbolic act. It was done to emblematize the towns subjugation, a practice going back to classical antiquity. The razed part of the wall was rebuilt in 1363. The corner tower known as the Silverhättan (the Silver Cap) probably dates from the period in which Visby belonged to the Teutonic Knights (1398–1408). It is possible that two lesser towers facing the sea, also date from this time. The last great attack on Visby took place in 1525, when troops from Lübeck assaulted the town. The Lübeckerbräschen (the Lübeck Breach) is traditionally assumed to be the visible remains of the troops breach into the town, but is more likely due to a later collapse of this part of the wall. However, it is in the part of the wall where the troops from Lübeck most probably damaged the town&#39;s defenses.</p><br>
<p>During the 17th and early 18th century, two caponiers were added to the eastern section of the wall. The defensive purpose of the wall had by that time otherwise completely ceased and the wall survived mainly in its capacity as a toll barrier. When domestic tolls were abolished in Sweden in 1810, the city wall was already a known landmark, which guaranteed its survival.</p><br>
<p>The city wall was restored in 1884 to 1886 by architect Emil Victor Langlet.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, a 10 m long section of the outer dressing of the wall collapsed. Restoration of the collapsed section began in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The wall is the strongest, most extensive medieval city wall in Scandinavia and the best preserved. Large parts of the original wall remain intact, and it incorporates the majority of the medieval large full-length towers, so-called "saddle towers" (small towers riding on the wall) and gates. In addition, large parts of the original system of trenches have been preserved outside the wall. The city wall is mostly unencumbered by the presence of modern buildings with very few visible from outside the wall. Taken as a whole, this provides for a uniquely genuine picture of what a medieval city wall was like in its original state.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The wall was built during two periods, the 13th and the 14th century. It is made from locally quarried limestone, rubble limestone filling, fat lime mortar and clay mortar. The first wall was lower than at present and constructed as two thin walls of solid limestone with rubble used to fill the gap between them. When the height of the wall was increased during the second building phase, solid limestone stabilized with lime mortar was added on top of the first wall. Due to this, most of the weight of the wall is carried by the two thinner outer stone layers of the first wall. The joints of lime mortar in these layers were reinforced with stronger cement during 20th century restorations.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the wall had 29 large regular towers and 22 small towers riding on top of the wall, 27 of the large and 9 of the small towers remain. It was approximately 3.6 km, of which 3.44 km is still standing.</p><br>
<p>The wall encloses the old town of Visby which is built on a steep slope facing the Baltic Sea. The west part of the wall nearest the sea, is built on land approximately 2 m above sea level. To the north and south the wall climbs the slope known as the Klinten, towards the east where the highest elevation reaches about 40 m.</p><br>
<h2>Towers, buildings, gates and parts of the wall</h2><br>
<h2>Other features</h2><br>
<p>The Ninian Central Platform is an oil platform in the North Sea. When constructed in Loch Kishorn, Scotland in 1978 the 600,000 tonne platform was the world&#39;s largest man-made movable object before being towed to its current position and fixed to the sea floor.</p><br>
<p>It is a circular concrete gravity structure, 140 m in diameter at its base, with seven concentric walls of stepped heights intersected by radial walls at 45-degree angles. A 14 m wide central shaft is surrounded by a breakwater wall ("Jarlin Wall") 45 m in diameter and 1.6 m thick pierced with 1.5m diameter holes. Between these two walls drill slots are arranged for drilling up to 42 wells.</p><br>
<p>Originally operated by Chevron Petroleum (UK), a division of Chevron, it is currently operated by CNR International.</p><br>
<p>The Iskar Reservoir  is the largest reservoir in Bulgaria. It is situated on the Iskar River and provides 2/3 of the water for the capital Sofia, also being used for producing hydroelectricity.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir has a total volume of 673 million m, of which 580 million are in use and the rest is reserve. The reservoir has a drainage basin of 1,046 km² and is 25 km long. It is situated at 820 m above sea level, its dam being 204 m long and 76 m high.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The initial plans for the construction of a dam on the Iskar date to as early as 1900-1901, immediately after the building of the Pancharevo Hydroelectric Power Plant. In 1921, the idea was once again brought up, but its accomplishment failed due to the municipalitys inability to indemnify the residents of the neighbouring villages of Gorni Pasarel, Shishmanovo and Kalkovo. Topographic photographs and a geological assessment regarding the dam were made and observations of the Iskars water level at Pasarel were conducted in 1932-1941 in order to build what was initially called the St Peter&#39;s Reservoir (named after the monastery in Dolni Pasarel which was supposed to be near the reservoir).</p><br>
<p>New geological research related to the reservoirs construction began in 1947 at four places between Gorni Pasarel and Pancharevo. The place at the Iskars 37th kilometre was chosen as the most suitable in terms of geology, topography and economics. The waters of the river were further studied between 1947 and 1948.</p><br>
<p>Work on the projects for an Iskar water power system commenced in early 1948 in the newly established Energohidroproekt. The design and the first draft were created by a team under the engineer Moiseev with the assistance of Soviet specialists. The project was approved by the expert council of the Ministry of Electrification and Melioration, and it was planned that the reservoir had a working volume of 520 million m and a reserve volume of 60 million m.</p><br>
<p>The preparative works began in 1949, the main construction was carried out in the end of 1950, the water power system being officially opened on 6 September 1954.</p><br>
<p>Rogan&#39;s Seat is a remote hill located near East Stonesdale and Gunnerside Gill, in the Yorkshire Dales in England.</p><br>
<p>It is a high expanse of moorland that stretches alongside Swaledale, Swinner Gill and Gunnerside Gill. It is the joint 17th highest fell in North Yorkshire along with Great Knoutberry Hill.</p><br>
<p>There has been controversy about how specifically the summit can be reached via a direct footpath; however, landowners of the Yorkshire grouse moors were tolerant in deciding not to publish a correct right of way for walkers. Despite this drawback, it attracts a lot of local interest, particularly being just 2 kilometres from the lower Valley waterfalls in Gunnerside Gill.</p><br>
<p>The most appropriate route to ascend Rogan&#39;s Seat to its summit would be to divert leftbound from Gunnerside Gill and follow a bridleway track north for 2 kilometres. The track is fairly flat but for explorative walkers the journey back down the same route can become tedious.</p><br>
<p>The views are not special due to the wide expanse of moorland, although Great Shunner Fell, Ingleborough and Whernside can be seen to the west.</p><br>
<p>Water Crag is a secondary summit to the north east, with trig point, at 668 m.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Ston Easton Park is an English country house built in the 18th century. It lies near the village of Ston Easton, Somerset. It is a Grade I listed building and the grounds are listed Grade II on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.</p><br>
<p>The current house was built around 1750 to 1760 on the site of a Tudor building. The architect may have been Thomas Paty. It was occupied by the descendants of the commissioning owner, John Hippisley-Coxe, until 1956. Since then owners including William Rees-Mogg and Peter Smedley have been involved in restoring the house, which is now in use as a hotel.</p><br>
<p>The two-storey house has a symmetrical facade with projecting wings either side of the central doorway with a Tuscan portico. The interior of the stone house is decorated with extensive plaster mouldings to ceilings and fireplaces. The grounds and gardens were laid out by Humphry Repton, but have since been reduced in size.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hippisley family had been lords of the manor of Ston Easton and surrounding areas since the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the mid-16th century. They acquired several local manors, some in association with William Rosewell. Preston Hippisley bequeathed the manor of Ston Easton to his daughter who married John Coxe of Leigh, Wiltshire, a Member of Parliament for Milborne Port. Her son John Hippisley-Coxe married a rich heiress, Mary Northliegh of Peamore in the parish of Exminster in Devon, and with his increased wealth commenced the building of the present mansion. They moved from the old manor house next to the parish church of St Mary The Virgin, Ston Easton to an ancient gabled Tudor house and started to convert it into a Palladian mansion with landscaped parkland and gardens.</p><br>
<p>The identity of the architect is not known, and although the design is reminiscent of the work of William Kent modern research tends to suggest Thomas Paty. It is also not known exactly when the house was built. John Hippisley-Coxe died in 1769 and his sons Richard and Henry further embellished the house and grounds. Henry Hippisley-Coxe employed Humphry Repton to landscape the park, including driveways and a viaduct similar to his plans for Endsleigh Cottage in Devon, although only part of this plan was actually created. Henrys widow Elizabeth Anne Horner, of Mells Manor, and her second husband Sir John Hippisley, 1st Baronet, further developed the grounds in about 1814. Elizabeth lived in the house until her death in 1843. The house was then left to Henry Hippisley of Lambourn, Henrys nephew, whose descendants lived there until the mid-20th century.</p><br>
<p>John Preston Hippisley inherited the house in 1956 on the death of his father Richard John Bayntun Hippisley and in order to settle the liability for inheritance tax he sold Ston Easton. Subsequently maintenance of the building was poor and the fabric decayed. In 1958 a Preservation Order was obtained to stop the building being demolished and adding to the growing trend of destruction of country houses in 20th-century Britain. Restoration was undertaken by William Rees-Mogg who bought the building in 1964. Peter Smedley bought it from Rees-Mogg in 1977 or 1978 and carried out further restoration and converted it into a hotel. Notoriously he allowed the BBC to film his Dignitas assisted suicide. The house was sold again in 2001 to Von Essen Hotels.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The two-storey house has a symmetrical facade with projecting wings either side of the central doorway with a Tuscan portico. The ashlar is dressed with plaster and stone to highlight architectural features. The rear of the building is plainer than the front and is without the plaster dressing. The interior is decorated with plaster mouldings and engravings on the ceilings and fireplaces. The entrance hall leads via mahogany doors to the 32 ft by 24 ft saloon. Further highly decorated rooms include the dining room and library. An octagonal bathroom contains a plunge bath used by Lady Hippisley which is believed to have been designed by Sir John Soane or one of his pupils such as George Allen Underwood.</p><br>
<p>Ston Easton has gardens and landscaped grounds, laid out by Humphry Repton, of around 5 hectare and the remains of a park of between 30 acre and 87 hectare. They include terraces and a pleasure ground in a steep sided valley. The grounds are listed Grade II on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. Some of the earlier parkland is now used for agriculture and the Farrington Golf & Country Club.</p><br>
<p>The single-storey stone stables, which are to the west of the main house were built around 1769. They are in a similar architectural style to the house and include three carriage openings.</p><br>
<p>The Seonjeongneung is the burial grounds of two Joseon Dynasty kings and one Joseon queen. The westernmost tomb belongs to King Seongjong , the ninth king of the Joseon dynasty. His first wife, Queen Han, died at age 18 and is buried near Munsan, north of Seoul.</p><br>
<p>His second wife, Queen Jeonghyeon (貞顯王后, 1462–1530), from the Yun family, is buried here because she gave birth the king&#39;s second son (the future King Jungjong) in 1506.</p><br>
<p>Queen Jeonghyeon outlived her husband by 35 years and was buried in a splendid tomb to the east of her husband. Her grave has a stone fence encircling the mound, whereas her husband&#39;s tomb, on the left, has a retaining wall as well. Statues of civilian and military officials and their horses stand at attention in front of the graves. South of the tombs is a single T-shaped shrine of the type commonly found at Joseon-era royal tombs. There are also several ancillary buildings for storing material used in sacrifices.</p><br>
<p>Queen Jeonghyeon had a deep interest in Buddhism and founded the nearby temple Bongeunsa.</p><br>
<p>The other tomb on the site is Jeongneung tomb, located at the easternmost of the site. This is the burial ground of King Jungjong, the 11th king of Joseon (r. 1506–1544). He was a son of Seongjong, and was originally buried at Goyang near Munsan, north of Seoul. However, his third queen thought it would be better to have him re-interred closer to his father. She expressed a wish to be buried alongside him, but this wish was never carried out, and his tomb stands alone.</p><br>
<p>Martin Van Buren National Historic Site is a unit of the United States National Park Service located 20 mi south of Albany, New York, or two miles south of the village of Kinderhook, New York in Columbia County. The National Historic Site preserves the estate and thirty-six room mansion of Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of the United States. Van Buren purchased the estate, which he named Lindenwald, in 1839 during his one term as President and it became his home and farm during his retirement.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Van Buren, a founder of the Democratic Party, purchased the home and approximately 125 acre of land in 1839 for $14,000 (equal to $ today) while he was still President. However, Van Buren did not move into the home until 1841 (after he was defeated for his second term by the Whig candidate William Henry Harrison in 1840). Eventually, his four living sons, Abraham, John, Martin Jr., and Smith, had rooms in the mansion. The home was previously owned by the Van Ness family and was where Washington Irving wrote most of his book A History of New York. Irving and Van Buren later became friends.</p><br>
<p>Van Buren ran two United States Presidential campaigns from Lindenwald. In 1844, he based his ultimately unsuccessful run for the Democratic nomination at the estate. That year, Van Buren lost a hotly contested fight to nominee and eventual President James Knox Polk. In 1848, in opposition to the extension of slavery into territories captured from Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War, Van Buren ran for President on a third-party ticket (The Free Soil Party), again directing his campaign from Lindenwald. Van Buren&#39;s campaign drew enough votes away from the Democratic nominee, Lewis Cass, to allow Whig candidate Zachary Taylor to prevail.</p><br>
<p>Van Buren named the estate Lindenwald, which is German for "linden forest", after the American Linden (American Basswood or Tilia americana) trees lining the Albany-to-New York Post Road, which is still located in front of the home. The section of the road on the property remains unimproved to this day. Some replanted Linden trees also remain by the side of the road.</p><br>
<p>Van Buren died at Lindenwald on July 24, 1862. He was 79.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>Lindenwald was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>The Martin Van Buren National Historic Site was established on October 26, 1974, and today, Lindenwald is under the care of the National Park Service.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The site can be found on Route 9H, about 2 mi south of Van Burens hometown of Kinderhook, New York. A visitor center operated by the National Park Service is located at the site. Access to the Lindenwald mansion is by ranger-guided tour only. The tower cannot be visited due to fire safety codes. In addition, the grounds contain educational signs which tell of the history of the Lindenwald Estate. During Van Burens lifetime, the site also contained two gatehouses, a north one and a south one. The north gatehouse was demolished in the 1950s, but today the site is outlined with a stone foundation.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Great Houses of the Hudson River, Michael Middleton Dwyer, editor, with preface by Mark Rockefeller, Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, published in association with Historic Hudson Valley, 2001.</p><br>
<p>Millaa Millaa Falls is a heritage-listed plunge waterfall at Theresa Creek Road, Millaa Millaa, Tablelands Region, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 December 2005.</p><br>
<p>The falls are adjacent to the town of Millaa Millaa on the Atherton Tableland. Millaa Millaa is a MaMu Aboriginal phrase referring to the rainforest vine Elaeagnus Triflora whose fruit appears from May to February. A popular destination of international tour operators, the falls are 18.3 metres high with a pool suitable for swimming at their base. The Millaa Millaa Falls are accessed by sealed road off the Palmerston Highway about 5 minutes from the township of Millaa Millaa.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Millaa Millaa Falls were discovered during exploration of overland routes to connect the Herberton mining fields with Queensland coastal ports. The falls are named after the nearby township of Millaa Millaa. The name "Millaa Millaa" is derived from a phonetic adaptation of the Aboriginal word "Malay Malay", which in the language of the local Mamu Aboriginal people refers to the rainforest vine (Elaeagnus triflora), which fruit was a seasonal food source. This plant occurs throughout the surrounding area and is commonly known as the Millaa Millaa Vine. This is contrary to the popular belief that the name Millaa Millaa means either "water fall", "many waterfalls" or "plenty water", but does demonstrate how important the falls are in the regional psyche.</p><br>
<p>In 1882 tracks were blazed through the rainforest close to the falls by both Sub Inspector Alexander Douglas (May 1882) and Christie Palmerston (October to December 1882). Palmerston also mapped an improved track through the area during 1884-1885, which subsequently became known as the Palmerston track. The popular belief that Palmerston camped at and named Millaa Millaa falls, which is in part commemorated by a monument at the site, cannot be substantiated from the historical record.</p><br>
<p>A clearing at the Millaa Millaa Falls was used as a rest stop for the early horse and mule pack teams that traversed the Palmerston track when travelling to and from the Herberton mining field. This clearing was also used as a base for land surveyors working in the area in 1909 and as a camp for workers constructing the railway line between Malanda and the Millaa Millaa township in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Also during the 1920s a quarry was established next to the Millaa Millaa Falls to supply a nearby crushing plant with stone, which was used to produce road-making materials. Blasting and excavation work at the quarry threatened to damage or destroy the falls, but due to the efforts of the Millaa Millaa Progress Association it was protected, and by the mid 1920s had become a popular stop for tours of the Atherton Tablelands. Conversely, the quarry, which was abandoned in 1927, was also partly responsible for the latter popularity and preservation of the falls because of the access that it provided to the site.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1950s access to a popular swimming hole known as "Rawson&#39;s Pool" which was located on private property downstream from the falls was stopped and the focus then shifted to Millaa Millaa Falls. The access road to the quarry was upgraded and extended down to near the base of the falls and a small car park constructed. Also at this time, public facilities were added to the site including toilets, shelter shed, and barbeques. Further safety and interpretive improvements were carried out in 2002. In 2003, the quarry was converted into a car park and a walking track and steps created which lead down to the falls viewing area. In 2005 a biological toilet facility, shelter shed and interpretive bus shelters were built. Millaa Millaa Falls is now part of what is known within the tourism industry as the "waterfall circuit" near Millaa Millaa township, which also includes the Zillie and Elinjaa Falls.</p><br>
<p>The Millaa Millaa Falls is an icon within the tourism industry, not only within North Queensland but also nationally and internationally. A 2008 search of the internet revealed at least 917 tour sites advertising the falls, with 276 containing photographs. The falls has also featured in numerous movies, documentaries and television commercials; advertising everything from Indian lotto to Swedish Timotei shampoo. The place is also used for a range of community events.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Millaa Millaa Falls are approximately 18.3 metres in height and are formed from volcanic basalt which has weathered to create distinctive vertical striations (pipe formations) in the surface of the rock and which gives the falls its pleasing textural backdrop. There is a large pool below the falls that is surrounded by rainforest, except for a grassed viewing area facing the falls and a concrete block pad on the waters edge.</p><br>
<p>A set of concrete steps leads from the lower bus park down to the viewing area. The bus park is separated from the viewing area by a low post and rail fence. An timber-framed weatherboard toilet block is located on the north-eastern side of the falls and remains in use. A biological toilet facility has been constructed on the northern side of the bus park (2005). A shelter shed and interpretive bus shelters have also been erected on the north-western end of the bus park (2005). A track with steps runs from the 1950s toilet block and terminates at the upper car park.</p><br>
<p>There is a stone monument on the fence line, erected in 1982, at the western end of the lower bus park with a bronze plaque attached that commemorates the explorer Christie Palmerston.</p><br>
<p>The Millaa Millaa Scenic Reserve also may contain other sites of heritage significance that have not been formally identified at this time. These include the original clearing near the falls and its associated campsite; railway objects located near the western boundary of the reserve adjacent to the Irwin Track; and blazed trees associated with survey and logging tracks within the reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>Video filmed here include:</p><br>
<p>Peter Andres - Mysterious Girl&#39; music video</p><br>
<p>XXXX Gold Beer advert "Jacko&#39;s Retreat"</p><br>
<p>Herbal Essence commercial "Rainforest - Waterfall" for its Rainforest Deep Nourishment and Shine shampoo product</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Millaa Millaa Falls was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 December 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Millaa Millaa Falls is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history due to its close association with the tracks, surveying, railways, roads and tourism, which aided the development and settlement of the Atherton Tableland region. At various times the immediate area around the falls was used as a rest stop for the early horse and mule pack teams that travelled along the Palmerston track on their way to and from the Herberton mining field; used as a depot for the first land surveyors working in the area; a camp for workers on the Millaa Millaa railway, and as a quarry for road materials.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Millaa Millaa Falls is also a place of importance because of its aesthetic significance, which lies in both its natural beauty and picturesque qualities, and because of its iconic representation, both nationally and internationally. Images of the falls are one of the most recognised natural features from the Atherton Tablelands and are used by local council and Australian tourism operators to promote the region. The natural and visual integrity of the falls has changed little over time, which is evidenced by the numerous historical images, although the site access, public facilities, and viewing environs have been modified.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Because of Millaa Millaa Falls importance to the far north Queensland tourism industry and its historical utilization as a picnic and swimming venue, it has since the 1950s developed a strong social and cultural association with people of the region. Millaa Millaa Falls is also culturally important to the regional Mamu Aboriginal people, as it was a seasonal food source and camping area at the time of first European settlement of the area. The falls were also the first natural landmark to be associated with the area, even before the establishment of the Millaa Millaa Township.</p><br>
<p>Lovund is an island and village in the municipality of Lurøy in Nordland county, Norway. The island is located west of the Solvær islands and southeast of Træna. Lovund is notable for the large puffin breeding colony located on the rocky north slope of the island.</p><br>
<p>The village of Lovund (sometimes called Strand) is located in the northeastern part of the island. The 0.45 km&sup2; village has a population (2013) of 426. The population density is 933 PD/km2. Lovund Church, located in the village, serves the people of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The Old Norse form of the name might have been Laufund. The first element is then lauf which means "leaf" or "broad-leaved trees", referring to the fact that the western part of the island is covered with a forest. The last element is the suffix -und meaning "land" (see Borgund).</p><br>
<h2>Media gallery</h2><br>
<p>Skrova is an island group and village area in the municipality of Vågan in Nordland county, Norway. The Skrova island group is located in the Vestfjorden, south of the islands of Austvågøya, Litlmolla, and Stormolla. It lies about 9 km south of the town of Svolvær and has a population of 237, according to data from 2005. The largest island in the group is Storskrova and the island of Heimskrova is where most of the population is located. Skrova Lighthouse is located in the southwestern part of the island ground. It was established in 1922 and not fully automated until 2005. There is also a meteorological weather station in the island group.</p><br>
<p>The village of Skrova is connected to the town of Svolvær (also in Vågan) and Skutvika (in Hamarøy) by regularly scheduled ferry routes.</p><br>
<h2>Industry</h2><br>
<p>The main industry in Skrova is whaling. Today, it is one of the largest whaling stations in Norway, taking in about half of the whale meat in Norway each year. The heyday of Skrova was in the 1970s and 1980s, when fishing and whaling were booming. Since the year 2000, there is now only one fishing factory, called Ellingsen&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>Oxyrhynchus  is a city in Middle Egypt, located about 160 km south-southwest of Cairo, in the governorate of Al Minya. It is also an archaeological site, considered one of the most important ever discovered. For the past century, the area around Oxyrhynchus has been continually excavated, yielding an enormous collection of papyrus texts dating from the time of the Ptolemaic and Roman periods of Egyptian history. Among the texts discovered at Oxyrhynchus are plays of Menander, fragments from the Gospel of Thomas, and fragments from Euclid&#39;s Elements. They also include a few vellum manuscripts, and more recent Arabic manuscripts on paper .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Oxyrhynchus lies west of the main course of the Nile, on the Bahr Yussef (Canal of Joseph), a branch of the Nile that terminates in Lake Moeris and the Fayum oasis. In ancient Egyptian times, there was a city on the site called Per-Medjed, named after the medjed, a species of elephantfish of the Nile River worshipped there as the fish that ate the penis of Osiris. It was the capital of the 19th Upper Egyptian Nome. After the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 BC, the city was reestablished as a Greek town, called Oxyrrhynkhoupolis (Οξυρρύγχου Πόλις - "town of the sharp-snouted fish").</p><br>
<p>In Hellenistic times, Oxyrhynchus was a prosperous regional capital, the third-largest city in Egypt. After Egypt was Christianized, it became famous for its many churches and monasteries.</p><br>
<p>In the period from 619 to 629, when Egypt was ruled by the Persian Sassanids, three Greek papyri from Oxyrhynchus include references to large sums of gold that were to be sent to the Sasanian "king of kings" (Shahanshah).</p><br>
<p>Oxyrhynchus remained a prominent, though gradually declining, town in the Roman and Byzantine periods. After the Arab invasion of Egypt around 641, the canal system on which the town depended fell into disrepair, and Oxyrhynchus was abandoned. Today the town of El Bahnasa occupies part of the ancient site.</p><br>
<p>For more than 1,000 years, the inhabitants of Oxyrhynchus dumped garbage at a series of sites out in the desert sands beyond the town limits. The fact that the town was built on a canal rather than on the Nile itself was important, because this meant that the area did not flood every year with the rising of the river, as did the districts along the riverbank. When the canals dried up, the water table fell and never rose again. The area west of the Nile has virtually no rain, so the garbage dumps of Oxyrhynchus were gradually covered with sand and were forgotten for another 1,000 years.</p><br>
<p>Because Egyptian society under the Greeks and Romans was governed bureaucratically, and because Oxyrhynchus was the capital of the 19th nome, the material at the Oxyrhynchus dumps included vast amounts of papyri. Accounts, tax returns, census material, invoices, receipts, correspondence on administrative, military, religious, economic, and political matters, certificates and licenses of all kinds&mdash;all these were periodically cleaned out of government offices, put in wicker baskets, and dumped out in the desert. Private citizens added their own piles of unwanted papyri. Because papyrus was expensive, papyri were often reused: a document might have farm accounts on one side, and a student&#39;s text of Homer on the other. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, therefore, contained a complete record of the life of the town, and of the civilizations and empires of which the town was a part.</p><br>
<p>The town site of Oxyrhynchus itself has never been excavated, because the modern Egyptian town is built on top of it, but it is believed that the city had many public buildings, including a theatre with a capacity of 11,000 spectators, a hippodrome, four public baths, a gymnasium, and two small ports on the Bahr Yussef. It is also likely that there were military buildings, such as barracks, since the city supported a military garrison on several occasions during the Roman and Byzantine periods. During the Greek and Roman periods, Oxyrhynchus had temples to Serapis, Zeus-Amun, Hera-Isis, Atargatis-Bethnnis and Osiris. There were also Greek temples to Demeter, Dionysus, Hermes, and Apollo; as well as Roman temples to Jupiter Capitolinus and Mars. In the Christian era, Oxyrhynchus was the seat of a bishopric, and the modern town still has several ancient Coptic Christian churches.</p><br>
<p>When Flinders Petrie visited Oxyrhynchus in 1922, he found remains of the colonnades and theatre. Now only part of a single column remains: everything else has been scavenged for building material for modern housing.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>In 1882, Egypt, while still nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, came under effective British rule, and British archaeologists began the systematic exploration of the country. Because Oxyrhynchus was not considered an Ancient Egyptian site of any importance, it was neglected until 1896, when two young excavators, Bernard Grenfell and Arthur Hunt, both fellows of Queens College, Oxford, began to excavate it. "My first impressions on examining the site were not very favourable," wrote Grenfell. "The rubbish mounds were nothing but rubbish mounds." However, they very soon realized what they had found. The unique combination of climate and circumstance had left at Oxyrhynchus an unequalled archive of the ancient world. "The flow of papyri soon became a torrent," Grenfell recalled. "Merely turning up the soil with ones boot would frequently disclose a layer."</p><br>
<p>Being classically educated Englishmen, Grenfell and Hunt were mainly interested in the possibility that Oxyrhynchus might reveal the lost masterpieces of classical Greek literature. They knew, for example, that the Constitution of Athens by Aristotle had been discovered on Egyptian papyrus in 1890. This hope inspired them and their successors to sift through the mountains of rubbish at Oxyrhynchus for the next century. Their efforts were amply rewarded: it has been estimated that over 70% of all the literary papyri so far discovered come from Oxyrhynchus, both copies of well-known standard works (many in versions significantly closer to the originals than those that had been transmitted in medieval manuscripts) and previously unknown works by the greatest authors of antiquity.</p><br>
<p>However, from the many thousands of papyri excavated from Oxyrhynchus, only about 10% were literary. The rest consisted of public and private documents: codes, edicts, registers, official correspondence, census-returns, tax-assessments, petitions, court-records, sales, leases, wills, bills, accounts, inventories, horoscopes, and private letters. Still, Grenfell and Hunt found enough texts of more general interest to keep them going in the hope of finding more. In their first year of digging alone, they found parts of several lost plays of Sophocles, such as the Ichneutae and many other books and fragments, including parts of what appeared to be an unknown Christian gospel. These discoveries captured the public imagination, and Grenfell and Hunt sent articles and photos to newspapers in Britain, arguing the importance of their work and seeking donations to keep it going.</p><br>
<p>Aside from the years of World War I, Grenfell and Hunt devoted their lives to work on the material from Oxyrhynchus. For ten years, from 1896 to 1906, every winter, when the Egyptian climate was bearable, Grenfell and Hunt supervised hundreds of Egyptian workers, excavating the rubbish mounds, digging up tightly packed layers of papyrus mixed with earth. The finds were sifted, partially cleaned and then shipped to Grenfell and Hunts base at Oxford. During the summer, Grenfell and Hunt cleaned, sorted, translated and compared the years haul, assembling complete texts from dozens of fragments and extracts. In 1898, they published the first volume of their finds. They worked closely together, each revising what the other wrote, and publishing the result jointly. In 1926, however, Grenfell died, leaving Hunt to continue the work with other collaborators until his own death in 1934. Meanwhile, Italian excavators had returned to the site: their work, from 1910 to 1934, brought to light many further papyri, including additional pieces of papyrus rolls of which parts had already been discovered by Grenfell and Hunt.</p><br>
<h2>Finds</h2><br>
<p>Although the hope of finding all the lost literary works of antiquity at Oxyrhynchus was not realized, many important Greek texts were found at the site. These include poems of Pindar, fragments of Sappho and Alcaeus, along with larger pieces of Alcman, Ibycus, and Corinna.</p><br>
<p>There were also extensive remains of the Hypsipyle of Euripides, fragments of the comedies of Menander, and a large part of the Ichneutae of Sophocles. Also found were the oldest and most complete diagrams from Euclid&#39;s Elements. Another important find was the historical work known as the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia, whose author is unknown but may be Ephorus or, as many currently think, Cratippus. A life of Euripides by Satyrus the Peripatetic was also unearthed, while an epitome of seven of the 107 lost books of Livy was the most important literary find in Latin.</p><br>
<p>The classical author who has most benefited from the finds at Oxyrhynchus is the Athenian playwright Menander (342&ndash;291 BC), whose comedies were very popular in Hellenistic times and whose works are frequently found in papyrus fragments. Menanders plays found in fragments at Oxyrhynchus include Misoumenos, Dis Exapaton, Epitrepontes, Karchedonios, Dyskolos and Kolax. The works found at Oxyrhynchus have greatly raised Menanders status among classicists and scholars of Greek theatre.</p><br>
<p>Among the Christian texts found at Oxyrhynchus, were fragments of early non-canonical Gospels, Oxyrhynchus 840 (3rd century AD) and Oxyrhynchus 1224 (4th century AD). Other Oxyrhynchus texts preserve parts of Matthew 1 (3rd century: P2 and P401), 11&ndash;12 and 19 (3rd to 4th century: P2384, 2385); Mark 10&ndash;11 (5th to 6th century: P3); John 1, and 20 (3rd century: P208); Romans 1 (4th century: P209); the First Epistle of John (4th-5th century: P402); the Apocalypse of Baruch (chapters 12&ndash;14; 4th or 5th century: P403); the Gospel according to the Hebrews (3rd century AD: P655); The Shepherd of Hermas (3rd or 4th century: P404), and a work of Irenaeus, (3rd century: P405). There are many parts of other canonical books as well as many early Christian hymns, prayers, and letters also found among them.</p><br>
<p>There is an on-line table of contents briefly listing the type of contents of each papyrus or fragment.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Since the 1930s, work on the papyri has continued. For many years it was under the supervision of Professor Peter Parsons of Oxford. Eighty large volumes of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri have been published, and these have become an essential reference work for the study of Egypt between the 4th century BC and the 7th century AD. They are also extremely important for the history of the early Christian Church, since many Christian documents have been found at Oxyrhynchus in far earlier versions than those known elsewhere. At least another forty volumes are anticipated.</p><br>
<p>Since the days of Grenfell and Hunt, the focus of attention at Oxyrhynchus has shifted. Modern archaeologists are less interested in finding the lost plays of Aeschylus, although some still dig in hope, and more in learning about the social, economic, and political life of the ancient world. This shift in emphasis had made Oxyrhynchus, if anything, even more important, for the very ordinariness of most of its preserved documents makes them most valuable for modern scholars of social history. Many works on Egyptian and Roman social and economic history and on the history of Christianity rely heavily on documents from Oxyrhynchus.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, the publication of the papyri was formally adopted as a Major Research Project of the British Academy, jointly managed by Oxford University and University College London and headed by Parsons. The project&#39;s chief researcher and administrator is Dr Nikolaos Gonis. The Academy provided funding until 1999; the project then enjoyed a grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Board, which funded ongoing work until 2005. Today some 100,000 papyrus fragments are housed at the Sackler Library, Oxford, with their indexes, archives and photographic record; it is the biggest hoard of classical manuscripts in the world. About 2,000 items are mounted in glass &mdash; the rest are conserved in 800 boxes.</p><br>
<p>The focus of the project is now mainly on the publication of this vast archive of material: by 2003 4,700 items had been translated, edited and published. Publication continues at the rate of about one new volume each year. Each volume contains a selection of material, covering a wide range of subjects. The editors include senior professionals but also students studying papyrology at the doctoral or undergraduate level. Thus recent volumes offer early fragments of the Gospels and of the Book of Revelation, early witnesses to the texts of Apollonius Rhodius, Aristophanes, Demosthenes, and Euripides, previously unknown texts of Simonides and Menander and of the epigrammatist Nicarchus. Other subjects covered include specimens of Greek music and documents relating to magic and astrology.</p><br>
<p>A joint project with Brigham Young University using multi-spectral imaging technology has been extremely successful in recovering previously illegible writing. With multi-spectral imaging, many pictures of the illegible papyrus are taken using different filters, finely tuned to capture certain wavelengths of light. Thus, researchers can find the optimum spectral portion for distinguishing ink from paper in order to display otherwise completely illegible papyri. The amount of text potentially to be deciphered by this technique is huge. A selection of the images obtained during the project and more information on the latest discoveries has been provided on the project&#39;s website.</p><br>
<p>On June 21, 2005 the Times Literary Supplement published the text and translation of a newly reconstructed poem by Sappho, together with discussion by Martin L. West. Part of this poem was first published in 1922 from an Oxyrhynchus papyrus, no. 1787 (fragment 1). Most of the rest of the poem has now been found on a papyrus kept at Cologne University.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, upon the discovery of an important necropolis Saite period ranging from the Christian era (664 BC -. 640 AD) joint action by the University of Barcelona and the Egyptian Antiquities Service began with the aim of initiating a research program: The Archaeological Mission Oxyrhynchus. In 2004 the first program agreement was signed to enhance the Mission between the University of Barcelona, the current driver of the mission together with the Department of Culture and Media of the Generalitat of Catalonia, but since 2011 it is only financed by the University of Barcelona, the Spanish Ministry and the Catalan Society of Egyptology.</p><br>
<p>The aim of the mission is to give continuity to the historical archaeological studies of previous expeditions while promoting research at Oxyrhynchus, conserve and enhance structures discovered museización the site. In addition to the publication of several articles in professional journals, excavations carried out by the Mission have resulted in a sample, presented at the Egyptian Museum and the Greco-Roman Museum in Alexandria, paintings of late antiquity high and various objects belonging to a necropolis Osireion located 1.5 km northwest of the urban area; and various publications of the Catalan Institute of Classical Archaeology.</p><br>
<p>The Allentown district is a neighborhood in Buffalo, New York. The neighborhood is home to the Allentown Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Allentown is named after Lewis F. Allen (1800-1890) who came to Buffalo in April 1827 to serve as Corporate Secretary and Financial Manager of an Insurance company. Allen was also a farmer and when looking for space to let his cattle pasteurize, purportedly his neighbor, Thomas Day, suggested some of his land, which sat between the cities of Buffalo and Black Rock. Allen’s cattle path became known as Allen Street. Notably, Allen was one of the founders of the Buffalo Historical Society and Forest Lawn, where he is buried.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Allentown is the first neighborhood north of the Downtown Buffalo core. It borders the downtown theater and entertainment district to its south, and runs north to North Street at its northern edge, Plymouth Avenue on the west, and Main street on the east. The neighborhood is generally centered on Allen Street and Elmwood Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Allentown is known for its community of artists, for its embrace of bohemian, hipster and gay culture, and for the civic commitment of residents to the historic and aesthetic sensibilities of the neighborhood. Allentown is one of Buffalo&#39;s premier areas for nightlife, dining, and antique shopping.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Allentown Historic District is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and expanded in 2012. It includes the Kleinhans Music Hall which is separately listed on the NRHP and is further designated as a National Historic Landmark. Also listed on the NRHP is the Birge-Horton House on Delaware Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The original 1980 boundaries include approximately 733 buildings, not including secondary structures. Of these, 6 are Gothic Revival, 125 Italianate, 24 Second Empire, 92 Shingle style, 106 Queen Anne, 15 Stick, 5 Shingle, 56 Colonial and 196 are plain framed buildings.</p><br>
<p>Three park areas are included in the area, two redesigned by Frederick Law Olmsted and one circle, Symphony Circle, designed by him as part of his master plan for the citys park areas. After he completed the master plan, Olmsted returned to redesign and landscape Days Park (named after Allens neighbor Thomas Day who donated his land to the City of Buffalo) and Arlington Park; two existing city parks. In Days Park he added a circular walkway in front of the school so the students would not trample the grass. The circular sandstone planting area that was in the center of the walkway is still in existence. Arlington Park was home to Frank Lloyd Wright while he worked in Buffalo.</p><br>
<p>The new boundaries added about 320 properties to the list.</p><br>
<h2>Notable places</h2><br>
<p>Arlington Park - redesigned by Frederick Law Olmsted; home to Frank Lloyd Wright while he worked in Buffalo</p><br>
<p>Day&#39;s Park - redesigned by Frederick Law Olmsted</p><br>
<p>Kleinhans Music Hall - home to the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra</p><br>
<p>Symphony Circle - Part of the extensive parks and parkways system designed for Buffalo by Frederick Law Olmsted</p><br>
<p>Wilcox Mansion - Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Site</p><br>
<p>The, Buffalos first single-family housing cooperative, located in Edward Brodhead Greens historic Granger Mansion.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church- Noted for its stained glass architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Allentown Art Festival</h2><br>
<p>The Allentown Art Festival, originally known as the Buffalo Art Festival, is an event started by Jason Natowitz in 1958, beginning as a small town meeting to stimulate business in the neighborhood. The meeting triggered the foundation of the Allentown Village Society, and, by August, plans were in the works for an outdoor art show in the town, which occurred the following month in September 1958. With only 50 artists, the event quickly became very successful. Louis Cherenzia, another one of the founders, noted "It was rated as the most colorful cultural event in Buffalo since the Pan-American Exposition." Following the event, the town recognized its success, and announced plans for a second annual.</p><br>
<p>"The Buffalo Art Festival" quickly came to be identified with its more precise location, Allentown, and eventually its name became "Allentown Art Festival".</p><br>
<p>The Allentown Art Festival has grown since its beginnings 50 years ago. Support of the Allentown Village Society, Inc. and its number of volunteers has essentially stayed the same. According to the official website, "Their labors have borne fruit beyond the annual Allentown Art Festival weekend and beyond the boundaries of the Allentown neighborhood of Buffalo."</p><br>
<p>Miamou  is a mountain village and a community in Greece  60 km south of Heraklion, on the south of Crete. It belongs to the municipality of Gortyn. The village had a population of 96 , the community, which includes the villages Lentas, Dyskos, Krotos and Papadogiannis, had 306 inhabitants. The Libyan Sea is 4 km to the south.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Miamou was first inhabited during the end of the Neolithic period. The name Miamou comes from the Greek word mia which means "one" (Greek: μία) and the Greek word omou which means "team" (Greek: Ομού). The name of Miamou possibly derives from folklore tradition. It is said that during the Middle Ages there was an epidemic which forced several villagers to abandon their settlements and go to the village which was not affected by it. That village is now called Miamou. In 1583, it had 204 inhabitants (Kastrofylakas, vol. 12, pg. 103) and was known as Miamú.</p><br>
